The Jews and Judaism During Emancipation Period (From the First Decade of the 19th Century Until the Outbreak of the First World War in the Year 1914) emphasizing on Germany :
Unity and Diversity
Keywords:
unity, diversity, universalism, nationalism, antisemitismAbstract
In Judaism “chosenness” is the belief that the Jews are chosen people, or selected to be in a covenant with God. This should actually be blessings for these gifted people, but what they had experienced throughout European history such as forced migrations, discrimination, grounded in Ghetto or even fell into mass murders and massacre, especially in the Second World War should be considered as a curse for these pitiful people instead. These long-time agony and miseries did not lessen their will for survival and hope for a better life in the promised land, on the contrary, this enhanced their universal unity even more. They had begun to fight for their rights for so long since 15th century when Europe entered the Modern Era. Their movements to attain the right to exist without political and social discrimination, which had been called “Jewish Emancipation Period” began more intensely in the second half of 18th century when Europe entered Age of Enlightenment. Eventually the ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity flourished which finally led to the concept of human rights. During this liberal atmosphere, although the European Jews were divided into several groups with different targets, their sense of unity had never disappeared and their goals of emancipation had never changed. Some had been assimilated, reformed or even radicalized. The turning point came with the concept of strong German nationalism which divided the Jews into 2 main groups, assimilated Jews or Zionists who aimed to create Jewish nation again. The massacre of 6 millions Jews by the Nazis in the Second World War gave Zionism legitimacy to lead European Jews and Jews from around the world to found their own country successfully in the promised land – Palestine - after the war ended and has fought for their right to exist against their Muslim neighbours ever since.
References
Barkai, Avraham. Juedische Minderheit und Industrialisierung: Demographie, Berufe Und Einkommen Der Juden in Westdeutschland 1850-1914, in Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts Band 46. Mohr Siebeck, 1988.
Barzini, Luigi. The Europeans. Penquin Books, 1984.
Beck, Wolfgang. Die Juden in der europaeischen Geschichte. Muenchen: Verlag C.H.Beck, 1992.
Buntz, Herwig. Migration in der Geschichte: Ein Arbeitsbuch fuer den Unterricht, in Geschichte unterrichten. Wochenschau Verlag, 2014.
Della Pergola, Sergio. Demographic Trends in Israel and Palestine: Prospects and Policy Implications, in The American Jewish year book 103, January 2003.
Fischer, Lars. A difference in the texture of prejudice. Historisch-konzeptionelle Ueberlegungen zum Verhaeltnis von Antisemitismus, Rassismus und Gemeinschaft, in Vorlesungen des Centrums fuer juedische Studien. Leykam Verlag, 2016.
Fouquet, Gerhard. Oekonomische Glaubensfragen: Strukturen und Praktiken juedischen und christlichen Kleinkredits im Spaetmittelalter, in Vierjahrschrift fuer Sozial- und Wirtschatsgeschichte – Beihefte, Band 242. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2018.
Frevert, Ute. “Women Worker, Workers’ Wives and Social Democracy in Imperial Germany,” in Bernstein to Brandt: A short History of German Social Democracy. London: Edward Arnold, 1987.
Geige, Abraham. Unser Gottesdienst. Breslau, 1868.
Gelvin, James L. The Israel-Palestine Conflicts: Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Goldfarb, Michael. Emancipation: how liberating Europe’s Jews from the ghetto led to revolution and renaissance. Scribe Publications, 2014.
Gotzmann, Andreas. Juedische Autonomie in der fruehen Neuzeit: Recht und Gemeinschaft im deutschen Judentum, in Hamburger zur Geschichte der deutschen Juden. Wallstein, 2008.
Habel, Werner. Deutsche-Juedische Geschichte am Ausgang des 19.Jahrhunderts. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der innerjuedischen Sammelbewegung im Deutschen Reich 1880-1900. Ratingen/Kastellaun/Duesseldorf: A. Henn Verlag, 1977.
Israel, Jonathan. European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization in association with Liverpool University Press, 1997.
Katz, Jacob. Tradition and Crisis, Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Age. Syracuse University Press, 2000.
Katz, Jacob. Out of the Ghetto: Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1870. Syracuse University Press, 1998.
Lewis, Bernard. Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflicts and Prejudice. W.W. Norton&Company, 1999.
Liebeschuetz, Hans / Paucker, Arnold. Das Judentum in der deutschen Umwelt 1800-1850: Studien zur Fruehgeschichte der Emanzipation, in Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts, Nummer 35. Tuebingen: J.C.B.Mohr., 1977.
Liebeschuetz, Hans / Paucker, Arnold. Soziale und politische Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland 1847-1871. Duesseldorf, 1977.
Marion, Jean-Luc / Schweidler, Walter (Hg.). Christentum und Philosophie: Einheit im Uebergang, in Eichstaetter philosophische Beitraeger. Verlag Karl Alber, 2015.
Meyer, Michael A. Response to Modernity. A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism. Wayne State University Press, 1995.
Mosse, Werner E. Juden im Wilhelminischen Deutschland 1890-1914. Ein Sammelband. Tuebingen: Verlag J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1976.
Muller, Jerry Z. Capitalism and the Jews. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Oberdorfer, Bernd. Sichtbare Einheit der Kirche in lutherischer Perspektive: Eine Studie des Oekumenischen Studienausschusses. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2017.
Paucker, Arnold. “Zur Problematik einer juedischen Abwehrstrategie in der deutschen Gesellschaft”, in Juden im Wilhelmischen Deutschland 1890-1914 edited by Werner E. Mosse und Arnold Paucker (Hrsg.). Tuebingen, 1976.
Reinharz, Jehuda. Fatherland or Promised Land: The Dilemma of the German Jews 1893-1914. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.
Richarz, Monika. Juedisches Leben in Deutschland. Selbstzeunisse zur Sozialgeschichte im Kaiserreich. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anhalt, 1979.
Roth, Joseph. Juden auf Wanderschaft. dtv Verlagsgemeinschaft, 2006.
Scheele, Paul-Werner. Eins wie wir: Das Ziel der christlichen Einheit im Licht des dreieinen Gottes. Echter, 2014.
Schueler-Springorum, Stefanie. Alltag und Gesellschaft, in Perspektiven deutsch-juedischer Geschichte. Verlag Ferdinand Schoeningh, 2017.
Shulvass, Moses A. The Westward Migration of Jews from Eastern Europe During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Wayne State University Press, 2017.
Smart, Susan. Juedische Identitaet in Deutschland – Ein Ueberblick. GRIN Verlag, 2012.
Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Revival. Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Sowerwine, Charles. Socialism, Feminism, and the Socialist Women’s Movement from the French Revolution to World War II, in Becoming Visible: Woman in European History, edited by Renate Bridenthal, Susan E. Wiesner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
Strohm, Christoph. Johannes Calvin: Leben und Werk des Reformators. Verlag C.H.Beck, 2009.
von Stromer, Wolfgang. Wirtschaftskraefte und Wirtschaftswege. Mittelmeer und Kontinent. Zur Buchfuerung der Juden im Spaetmittelalter. Klett Cotta, 1978.
Toury, Jacob. Der Eintritt der Juden ins deutsche Buergertum. Eine Dokumentation. Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, 1972.
Toury, Jacob. “Ostjuedische Handarbeiter in Deutschland vor 1914”, in Bulletin des Leo Baeck Instituts, 21, 1963 .
Toury, Jacob. Soziale und politische Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland 1847-1871. Zwischen Revolution, Reaktion und Emanzipation. Duesseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1977.
Trepp, Leo / Trepp, Gunda. “Dein Gott ist mein Gott”: Wege zum Judentum und zur juedischen Gemeinschaften. W.Kohlhammer GmbH, 2005.
Volkov, Shulamit. “Die Erfindung einer Tradition. Zur Entstehung des modernen Judentums in Deutschland”, in Historische Zeitschrift, 253. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 1991.
