THE FOUR CASTES: ANALYSIS OF THE ROLES AND COEXISTENCE IN SOCIETY AS APPEARED IN THE TRIPITAKA

Abstract

This research aims to achieve three objectives: 1) to study the nature, origin, and development of the caste system in Hindu religious scriptures; 2) to study the roles, problems, and coexistence in society as described in the Buddhist scriptures (Tripitaka); and 3) to analyse the nature, roles, and coexistence in Thai society. A qualitative research methodology was employed, utilizing data from both primary and secondary sources, as well as suggestions from experts. The data was then synthesized, analysed, and presented descriptively. The research findings indicate that the nature, origin, and development of the caste system in Hindu religious scriptures have unique characteristics distinct from caste systems or class structures in other societies. It is fundamentally rooted in politics and governance, and its legitimacy is reinforced through religious beliefs, precepts, traditions, and rituals passed down through generations, resulting in widespread acceptance. Evidence in the Buddhist scriptures reflects that, during the time of the Buddha, the Kshatriya caste held a higher role and status than the Brahmin caste. Brahmins maintained their influence through their roles in rituals and providing advice at the royal court. The Kshatriya, Brahmins, and Vaishya were interdependent, while the Shudra caste was used as labour to support the wealth of the main castes. The Buddha aimed to address this inequality by establishing the Sangha within a system of celibacy, emphasizing the value of action over birthright, and promoting boundless loving-kindness and compassion—the foundation of peaceful coexistence, free from harm in body, speech, and mind.