Australia in the Role of Middle Power towards Foreign Aid during 1991 – 2018
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Published:
Dec 29, 2021
Keywords:
Australia Middle Power Diplomacy Allies
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Abstract
This research study aims to study 1. the concept of and the role of middle power states in the international arena; 2. the role of Australia as a middle power state in implementing foreign aid policy that Australia provided to the South Pacific and the Southeast Asia region during 1991-2018. This research employs qualitative research method to study; types of data collection are from the Australian government reports, policy statement, relevant document and memoir, the exiting research papers, key performants’ interviewing videos from news and conferences. All data had been chronologically analysed by adopting a technique of content analysis. The result of this study shows that Australia successfully preserved its middle power position during 1991 - 2018 due to the influence of internal and external factors. Within five objectives of foreign aid, Australia had realised that creating strong allies and close relationships with regional partners in both South Pacific and the Southeast Asia. This can lead Australia to preserve its leadership role within the region.
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rakson, katsamaporn. (2021). Australia in the Role of Middle Power towards Foreign Aid during 1991 – 2018. INTHANIN THAKSIN JOURNAL THAKSIN UNIVERSITY, 16(2), 129–160. retrieved from https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HUSOTSU/article/view/253843
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บทความวิจัย
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
กัษมพร รักสอน. (2564). แนวทางที่เปลี่ยนผ่านหลังยุคสงครามเย็น: ออสเตรเลียกับบทบาทความเป็นมหาอำนาจระดับกลางในด้านการให้ความช่วยเหลือระหว่างประเทศ ช่วงปี ค.ศ. 1991 - 2018. กรุงเทพฯ : มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง.
ADF Budget (2021). Department of Defence Media release 080/2009. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/solomonislands/adf-budget-solomon-islands/.
Baba, G. and Kaya, T.O. (2014). Testing the creativity of Kevin Rudd's middle power diplomacy: EU–Australia partnership framework versus the Asia-Pacific community, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 14(2), 239–269.
Chai, EWE. (2000). Middle powers in the modern state system: a case study of Australian’s role as a regional actor (PhD thesis). Hobart : University of Tasmania.
Chapnick, A. (1999). The middle power, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 7(2), 73-82.
Cooper, A.F. and Higgott, R.A. (1990). Middle power leadership and coalition building : the Cairns Group and the Uruguay round (Working paper no. 1990/1). Canberra : Australian National University.
Cooper, A.F., Higgott, R. A., and Nossal, Kim R. (1993). Relocating middle powers: Australia and Canada in a changing world order. Vancouver : UBC Press.
Cooper, A.F. (1997). “Niche diplomacy: A conceptual overview,” In AF. Cooper (Ed), Niche diplomacy: middle powers after the cold war, 8. Basingstoke : Palgrave.
Cowen, Z. (1993). Australia’s middle power diplomacy : AIJA annual address on international relations. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/old/1993/101193_fm_australiasmiddlepowerdiplo.pdf.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2018). Development assistance in Timor-Leste. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://dfat.gov.au/geo/timor-
leste/developmentassistance/Pages/development-assistance-in-timor-leste.aspx
Dong-min Shin (2015). A Critical Review of the Concept of Middle Power. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.e-ir.info/2015/12/04/a-critical-review-of-the-concept-of-middle-power/.
Doran, M. and Dziedzic, S. (2018). Deal to be inked for Solomon Islands undersea internet cable Australia stopped China building. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-13/solomon-islands-undersea-cable-internetchina/9861592.
Dorney, S. (2008). Rudd vows to help Pacific more. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-09/rudd-vows-to-help-pacific-more/1066566.
Edstrom, H. and Westberg, J. (2020). The Defense Strategies of Middle Powers: Competing for Security, Influence and Status in an Era of Unipolar Demise, Comparative Strategy. 39(2), 171-190.
Evans, G. (2011). Middle power diplomacy inaugural Edgardo Boeninger Memorial Lecture. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html.
Flemes, D. (2007). Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (GIGA Working Paper, 57). Hamburg.
Gounder, R. and Sen, K. (1999). What Motivates Foreign Aid: A Case Study of Australia's Aid to Indonesia, The Journal of Developing Areas. 33(3), 379-394.
Henrikson, A. K. (2005). Niche diplomacy in the world public arena: the global “Corners” of Canada and Norway, The New Public Diplomacy. Spring, 67–87.
Holbraad, C. (1984). Middle powers in international politics. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Huelsz, C. (2009). Middle Power Theories and Emerging Powers in International Political Economy: A Case Study of Brazil (PhD Thesis). Manchester: University of Manchester.
Hurrell, A. (2000). “Some reflections on the role of intermediate powers in international institutions,” In A. Hurrell et al. (Eds), Paths to power: Foreign policy strategies of intermediate states, 1-11. Princeton, NJ: Latin American Programme of the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars.
Ikenberry G. J. and Kupchan C. A. (1990). “The legitimation of hegemonic power,” In D. P. Rapkin (Ed), World leadership and hegemony, 1-20. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Jordaan, E. (2003). The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers, Politikon. 1(30), 165-181.
Jordaan, E. (2017). The emerging middle power concept: Time to say goodbye?. South African, Journal of International Affairs. 24(3), 1-19.
Kaarbo, J., Lantis, J.S., & Beasley, R. K. (2002). “The analysis of foreign policy in comparative perspective,” In R K Beasley, J Kaarbo, JS Lantis & MT Snarr (Eds), Foreign policy in comparative perspective, 2. Washington : Congressional Quarterly.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. Chicago : The Chicago University Press.
Mackie, J. (2007). Australia and Indonesia: Current problems, future prospects. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/Mackie%2C_Australia_and_Indonesia_1.pdf.
Navin, J. (2002). A dangerous oil slick. Australia tries to hijack East Timor’s future. The East Timor. 8(1). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.etan.org/estafeta/02/spring02/4gap.htm.
Patience, A. (2018). Australian Foreign Policy in Asia Middle Power or Awkward Partner?. London : Palgrave.
Ping, J. H. (2005). Middle power statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia and the Asia-Pacific. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing.
Ravenhill, J. (1998). Cycles of middle power activism: constraint and choice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies, Australian Journal of International Affairs. 52(3), 309-327.
Saxer, C. (2013). Capabilities and aspirations: South Korea’s rise as a middle power, Asia Europe Journal. 11(4), 397-413.
Ungerer, C. (2007). The middle power concept in Australian foreign policy, Australian Journal of Politics and History. 53(4), 538-551.
Waltz, K N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.
Wood, B. (1987). Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential. Retrieved April 15, 2019, from https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/.
Wood, T. (2018). Aid Policy and Australian Public Opinion, Asia Pacific Policy Studies. 5(2), 235–248.
World Vision (2021). Why does Australia give aid? (Online). Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.worldvision.com.au/get-involved/advocacy/australian-aid.
Yamazaki, M. (2009). A Study of Middle Power Diplomacy : as a Strategy of Leadership and Influence (Master Thesis). Ontario: University of Waterloo.
Yilmaz, S. (2017). Middle Powers and Regional Powers. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0222.xml.
กัษมพร รักสอน. (2564). แนวทางที่เปลี่ยนผ่านหลังยุคสงครามเย็น: ออสเตรเลียกับบทบาทความเป็นมหาอำนาจระดับกลางในด้านการให้ความช่วยเหลือระหว่างประเทศ ช่วงปี ค.ศ. 1991 - 2018. กรุงเทพฯ : มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง.
ADF Budget (2021). Department of Defence Media release 080/2009. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/solomonislands/adf-budget-solomon-islands/.
Baba, G. and Kaya, T.O. (2014). Testing the creativity of Kevin Rudd's middle power diplomacy: EU–Australia partnership framework versus the Asia-Pacific community, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 14(2), 239–269.
Chai, EWE. (2000). Middle powers in the modern state system: a case study of Australian’s role as a regional actor (PhD thesis). Hobart : University of Tasmania.
Chapnick, A. (1999). The middle power, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 7(2), 73-82.
Cooper, A.F. and Higgott, R.A. (1990). Middle power leadership and coalition building : the Cairns Group and the Uruguay round (Working paper no. 1990/1). Canberra : Australian National University.
Cooper, A.F., Higgott, R. A., and Nossal, Kim R. (1993). Relocating middle powers: Australia and Canada in a changing world order. Vancouver : UBC Press.
Cooper, A.F. (1997). “Niche diplomacy: A conceptual overview,” In AF. Cooper (Ed), Niche diplomacy: middle powers after the cold war, 8. Basingstoke : Palgrave.
Cowen, Z. (1993). Australia’s middle power diplomacy : AIJA annual address on international relations. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/old/1993/101193_fm_australiasmiddlepowerdiplo.pdf.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2018). Development assistance in Timor-Leste. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://dfat.gov.au/geo/timor-leste/developmentassistance/Pages/development-assistance-in-timor-leste.aspx
Dong-min Shin (2015). A Critical Review of the Concept of Middle Power. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.e-ir.info/2015/12/04/a-critical-review-of-the-concept-of-middle-power/.
Doran, M. and Dziedzic, S. (2018). Deal to be inked for Solomon Islands undersea internet cable Australia stopped China building. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-13/solomon-islands-undersea-cable-internetchina/9861592.
Dorney, S. (2008). Rudd vows to help Pacific more. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-09/rudd-vows-to-help-pacific-more/1066566.
Edstrom, H. and Westberg, J. (2020). The Defense Strategies of Middle Powers: Competing for Security, Influence and Status in an Era of Unipolar Demise, Comparative Strategy. 39(2), 171-190.
Evans, G. (2011). Middle power diplomacy inaugural Edgardo Boeninger Memorial Lecture. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html.
Flemes, D. (2007). Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (GIGA Working Paper, 57). Hamburg.
Gounder, R. and Sen, K. (1999). What Motivates Foreign Aid: A Case Study of Australia's Aid to Indonesia, The Journal of Developing Areas. 33(3), 379-394.
Henrikson, A. K. (2005). Niche diplomacy in the world public arena: the global “Corners” of Canada and Norway, The New Public Diplomacy. Spring, 67–87.
Holbraad, C. (1984). Middle powers in international politics. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Huelsz, C. (2009). Middle Power Theories and Emerging Powers in International Political Economy: A Case Study of Brazil (PhD Thesis). Manchester: University of Manchester.
Hurrell, A. (2000). “Some reflections on the role of intermediate powers in international institutions,” In A. Hurrell et al. (Eds), Paths to power: Foreign policy strategies of intermediate states, 1-11. Princeton, NJ: Latin American Programme of the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars.
Ikenberry G. J. and Kupchan C. A. (1990). “The legitimation of hegemonic power,” In D. P. Rapkin (Ed), World leadership and hegemony, 1-20. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Jordaan, E. (2003). The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers, Politikon. 1(30), 165-181.
Jordaan, E. (2017). The emerging middle power concept: Time to say goodbye?. South African, Journal of International Affairs. 24(3), 1-19.
Kaarbo, J., Lantis, J.S., & Beasley, R. K. (2002). “The analysis of foreign policy in comparative perspective,” In R K Beasley, J Kaarbo, JS Lantis & MT Snarr (Eds), Foreign policy in comparative perspective, 2. Washington : Congressional Quarterly.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. Chicago : The Chicago University Press.
Mackie, J. (2007). Australia and Indonesia: Current problems, future prospects. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/Mackie%2C_Australia_and_Indonesia_1.pdf.
Navin, J. (2002). A dangerous oil slick. Australia tries to hijack East Timor’s future. The East Timor. 8(1). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.etan.org/estafeta/02/spring02/4gap.htm.
Patience, A. (2018). Australian Foreign Policy in Asia Middle Power or Awkward Partner?. London : Palgrave.
Ping, J. H. (2005). Middle power statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia and the Asia-Pacific. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing.
Ravenhill, J. (1998). Cycles of middle power activism: constraint and choice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies, Australian Journal of International Affairs. 52(3), 309-327.
Saxer, C. (2013). Capabilities and aspirations: South Korea’s rise as a middle power, Asia Europe Journal. 11(4), 397-413.
Ungerer, C. (2007). The middle power concept in Australian foreign policy, Australian Journal of Politics and History. 53(4), 538-551.
Waltz, K N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.
Wood, B. (1987). Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential. Retrieved April 15, 2019, from https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/.
Wood, T. (2018). Aid Policy and Australian Public Opinion, Asia Pacific Policy Studies. 5(2), 235–248.
World Vision (2021). Why does Australia give aid? (Online). Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.worldvision.com.au/get-involved/advocacy/australian-aid.
Yamazaki, M. (2009). A Study of Middle Power Diplomacy : as a Strategy of Leadership and Influence (Master Thesis). Ontario: University of Waterloo.
Yilmaz, S. (2017). Middle Powers and Regional Powers. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0222.xml.
ADF Budget (2021). Department of Defence Media release 080/2009. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/solomonislands/adf-budget-solomon-islands/.
Baba, G. and Kaya, T.O. (2014). Testing the creativity of Kevin Rudd's middle power diplomacy: EU–Australia partnership framework versus the Asia-Pacific community, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 14(2), 239–269.
Chai, EWE. (2000). Middle powers in the modern state system: a case study of Australian’s role as a regional actor (PhD thesis). Hobart : University of Tasmania.
Chapnick, A. (1999). The middle power, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 7(2), 73-82.
Cooper, A.F. and Higgott, R.A. (1990). Middle power leadership and coalition building : the Cairns Group and the Uruguay round (Working paper no. 1990/1). Canberra : Australian National University.
Cooper, A.F., Higgott, R. A., and Nossal, Kim R. (1993). Relocating middle powers: Australia and Canada in a changing world order. Vancouver : UBC Press.
Cooper, A.F. (1997). “Niche diplomacy: A conceptual overview,” In AF. Cooper (Ed), Niche diplomacy: middle powers after the cold war, 8. Basingstoke : Palgrave.
Cowen, Z. (1993). Australia’s middle power diplomacy : AIJA annual address on international relations. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/old/1993/101193_fm_australiasmiddlepowerdiplo.pdf.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2018). Development assistance in Timor-Leste. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://dfat.gov.au/geo/timor-
leste/developmentassistance/Pages/development-assistance-in-timor-leste.aspx
Dong-min Shin (2015). A Critical Review of the Concept of Middle Power. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.e-ir.info/2015/12/04/a-critical-review-of-the-concept-of-middle-power/.
Doran, M. and Dziedzic, S. (2018). Deal to be inked for Solomon Islands undersea internet cable Australia stopped China building. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-13/solomon-islands-undersea-cable-internetchina/9861592.
Dorney, S. (2008). Rudd vows to help Pacific more. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-09/rudd-vows-to-help-pacific-more/1066566.
Edstrom, H. and Westberg, J. (2020). The Defense Strategies of Middle Powers: Competing for Security, Influence and Status in an Era of Unipolar Demise, Comparative Strategy. 39(2), 171-190.
Evans, G. (2011). Middle power diplomacy inaugural Edgardo Boeninger Memorial Lecture. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html.
Flemes, D. (2007). Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (GIGA Working Paper, 57). Hamburg.
Gounder, R. and Sen, K. (1999). What Motivates Foreign Aid: A Case Study of Australia's Aid to Indonesia, The Journal of Developing Areas. 33(3), 379-394.
Henrikson, A. K. (2005). Niche diplomacy in the world public arena: the global “Corners” of Canada and Norway, The New Public Diplomacy. Spring, 67–87.
Holbraad, C. (1984). Middle powers in international politics. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Huelsz, C. (2009). Middle Power Theories and Emerging Powers in International Political Economy: A Case Study of Brazil (PhD Thesis). Manchester: University of Manchester.
Hurrell, A. (2000). “Some reflections on the role of intermediate powers in international institutions,” In A. Hurrell et al. (Eds), Paths to power: Foreign policy strategies of intermediate states, 1-11. Princeton, NJ: Latin American Programme of the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars.
Ikenberry G. J. and Kupchan C. A. (1990). “The legitimation of hegemonic power,” In D. P. Rapkin (Ed), World leadership and hegemony, 1-20. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Jordaan, E. (2003). The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers, Politikon. 1(30), 165-181.
Jordaan, E. (2017). The emerging middle power concept: Time to say goodbye?. South African, Journal of International Affairs. 24(3), 1-19.
Kaarbo, J., Lantis, J.S., & Beasley, R. K. (2002). “The analysis of foreign policy in comparative perspective,” In R K Beasley, J Kaarbo, JS Lantis & MT Snarr (Eds), Foreign policy in comparative perspective, 2. Washington : Congressional Quarterly.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. Chicago : The Chicago University Press.
Mackie, J. (2007). Australia and Indonesia: Current problems, future prospects. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/Mackie%2C_Australia_and_Indonesia_1.pdf.
Navin, J. (2002). A dangerous oil slick. Australia tries to hijack East Timor’s future. The East Timor. 8(1). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.etan.org/estafeta/02/spring02/4gap.htm.
Patience, A. (2018). Australian Foreign Policy in Asia Middle Power or Awkward Partner?. London : Palgrave.
Ping, J. H. (2005). Middle power statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia and the Asia-Pacific. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing.
Ravenhill, J. (1998). Cycles of middle power activism: constraint and choice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies, Australian Journal of International Affairs. 52(3), 309-327.
Saxer, C. (2013). Capabilities and aspirations: South Korea’s rise as a middle power, Asia Europe Journal. 11(4), 397-413.
Ungerer, C. (2007). The middle power concept in Australian foreign policy, Australian Journal of Politics and History. 53(4), 538-551.
Waltz, K N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.
Wood, B. (1987). Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential. Retrieved April 15, 2019, from https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/.
Wood, T. (2018). Aid Policy and Australian Public Opinion, Asia Pacific Policy Studies. 5(2), 235–248.
World Vision (2021). Why does Australia give aid? (Online). Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.worldvision.com.au/get-involved/advocacy/australian-aid.
Yamazaki, M. (2009). A Study of Middle Power Diplomacy : as a Strategy of Leadership and Influence (Master Thesis). Ontario: University of Waterloo.
Yilmaz, S. (2017). Middle Powers and Regional Powers. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0222.xml.
กัษมพร รักสอน. (2564). แนวทางที่เปลี่ยนผ่านหลังยุคสงครามเย็น: ออสเตรเลียกับบทบาทความเป็นมหาอำนาจระดับกลางในด้านการให้ความช่วยเหลือระหว่างประเทศ ช่วงปี ค.ศ. 1991 - 2018. กรุงเทพฯ : มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง.
ADF Budget (2021). Department of Defence Media release 080/2009. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/solomonislands/adf-budget-solomon-islands/.
Baba, G. and Kaya, T.O. (2014). Testing the creativity of Kevin Rudd's middle power diplomacy: EU–Australia partnership framework versus the Asia-Pacific community, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 14(2), 239–269.
Chai, EWE. (2000). Middle powers in the modern state system: a case study of Australian’s role as a regional actor (PhD thesis). Hobart : University of Tasmania.
Chapnick, A. (1999). The middle power, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 7(2), 73-82.
Cooper, A.F. and Higgott, R.A. (1990). Middle power leadership and coalition building : the Cairns Group and the Uruguay round (Working paper no. 1990/1). Canberra : Australian National University.
Cooper, A.F., Higgott, R. A., and Nossal, Kim R. (1993). Relocating middle powers: Australia and Canada in a changing world order. Vancouver : UBC Press.
Cooper, A.F. (1997). “Niche diplomacy: A conceptual overview,” In AF. Cooper (Ed), Niche diplomacy: middle powers after the cold war, 8. Basingstoke : Palgrave.
Cowen, Z. (1993). Australia’s middle power diplomacy : AIJA annual address on international relations. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/old/1993/101193_fm_australiasmiddlepowerdiplo.pdf.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2018). Development assistance in Timor-Leste. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://dfat.gov.au/geo/timor-leste/developmentassistance/Pages/development-assistance-in-timor-leste.aspx
Dong-min Shin (2015). A Critical Review of the Concept of Middle Power. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.e-ir.info/2015/12/04/a-critical-review-of-the-concept-of-middle-power/.
Doran, M. and Dziedzic, S. (2018). Deal to be inked for Solomon Islands undersea internet cable Australia stopped China building. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-13/solomon-islands-undersea-cable-internetchina/9861592.
Dorney, S. (2008). Rudd vows to help Pacific more. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-09/rudd-vows-to-help-pacific-more/1066566.
Edstrom, H. and Westberg, J. (2020). The Defense Strategies of Middle Powers: Competing for Security, Influence and Status in an Era of Unipolar Demise, Comparative Strategy. 39(2), 171-190.
Evans, G. (2011). Middle power diplomacy inaugural Edgardo Boeninger Memorial Lecture. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html.
Flemes, D. (2007). Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (GIGA Working Paper, 57). Hamburg.
Gounder, R. and Sen, K. (1999). What Motivates Foreign Aid: A Case Study of Australia's Aid to Indonesia, The Journal of Developing Areas. 33(3), 379-394.
Henrikson, A. K. (2005). Niche diplomacy in the world public arena: the global “Corners” of Canada and Norway, The New Public Diplomacy. Spring, 67–87.
Holbraad, C. (1984). Middle powers in international politics. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Huelsz, C. (2009). Middle Power Theories and Emerging Powers in International Political Economy: A Case Study of Brazil (PhD Thesis). Manchester: University of Manchester.
Hurrell, A. (2000). “Some reflections on the role of intermediate powers in international institutions,” In A. Hurrell et al. (Eds), Paths to power: Foreign policy strategies of intermediate states, 1-11. Princeton, NJ: Latin American Programme of the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars.
Ikenberry G. J. and Kupchan C. A. (1990). “The legitimation of hegemonic power,” In D. P. Rapkin (Ed), World leadership and hegemony, 1-20. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Jordaan, E. (2003). The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers, Politikon. 1(30), 165-181.
Jordaan, E. (2017). The emerging middle power concept: Time to say goodbye?. South African, Journal of International Affairs. 24(3), 1-19.
Kaarbo, J., Lantis, J.S., & Beasley, R. K. (2002). “The analysis of foreign policy in comparative perspective,” In R K Beasley, J Kaarbo, JS Lantis & MT Snarr (Eds), Foreign policy in comparative perspective, 2. Washington : Congressional Quarterly.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. Chicago : The Chicago University Press.
Mackie, J. (2007). Australia and Indonesia: Current problems, future prospects. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/Mackie%2C_Australia_and_Indonesia_1.pdf.
Navin, J. (2002). A dangerous oil slick. Australia tries to hijack East Timor’s future. The East Timor. 8(1). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.etan.org/estafeta/02/spring02/4gap.htm.
Patience, A. (2018). Australian Foreign Policy in Asia Middle Power or Awkward Partner?. London : Palgrave.
Ping, J. H. (2005). Middle power statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia and the Asia-Pacific. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing.
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