The “Guanxi” Culture and The Creation of Social Networks of Chinese Hakka in Lower Southern of Thailand

Abstract

This research aimed 1) describe the current social networks of Thai-Chinese Hakka in the Lower Southern region through the Guanxi culture, and 2) to determine social relationships between Thai-Chinese Hakka and other Thai ethnic groups in the Lower Southern Thailand. This study utilized

the qualitative research methodology from documents and field data collection from interviews, in-depth observation, participant and non-participant observation. The data were analyzed, interpreted and presented using the descriptive analysis technique.

           The study reveals that Guanxi culture originates from Chinese ethnic groups in China with a long history. When the Hakka and other Chinese groups migrated to Thailand, they brought with them the culture of Guanxi and this culture continues to exist among the Hakka Chinese, covering all aspects of life. The development and adaptation to the social environment in southern Thailand have been undergone in each period by creating social networks through Guanxi culture in the aspects of political, economic, social and cultural convictions using social capital as group integration. This is evident in the case of clan maintenance, stablishment of association and foundation to continue the traditions and culture and the construction of temples, shrines and religious places. In terms of economy, economic networks have been established, fundraising organized and business networking established with the aim of providing financial assistance to Chinese Hakka ethnic group. In relation to other groups, the Hakka Chinese enjoys relations with other Chinese and Thais groups socially, culturally and economically. Mutual support and co-ordination has been provided through social activities such as building of hospitals, schools, homes for the elderly, cemeteries, and more, through the activities of associations, societies and foundations. Relationships with local Thais are evidenced in the marriage with the Thais to maintain status or promote social mobility. There is a mix of cultures into their own way of life, as seen in the case of inviting Thai Buddhist monks to performance prayers in various rituals. Vegetarian festival is held annually providing free vegetarian meals for participating local people. The chamber of commerce has been set up through the government assistance to help Thais participate in business activities. In addition, the Thai-Chinese Hakka in the Lower Southern Thailand also inherit and maintain the culture of Guanxi, which has been modified to create networks and establish strong relationships with all segments of society and the Chinese Hakka co-exist in harmony with the Thai people in the lower South.