An Examination of the Four Foundations of Social Harmony in Temple-Community Interactions

Abstract

This study examines the role of Sangkhahavatthu 4 as a unifying ethical framework for temples and communities in contemporary Thai society. Historically, temples functioned as central institutions for education, healthcare, and conflict resolution, naturally embodying the principles of Dana (generosity), Piyavaca (kind speech), 
Atthachariya (beneficial action), and Samanattata (impartiality). However, social change and globalization, together with internal challenges such as weak governance and reputational issues among some monks, have weakened this relationship, shifting it from faith-based engagement toward transactional interaction.
The findings demonstrate that Sangkhahavatthu 4 remains a relevant and effective framework for addressing these challenges. When applied in contemporary forms-such as Dana through modern social welfare, Piyavaca via transparent digital 
communication, and Atthachariya through accountable governance and community 
development temples can transform from ritual-centered spaces into trusted institutions supporting both social and spiritual well-being. Evidence from model temples adopting these principles confirms their practicality as a management philosophy capable of rebuilding sustainable and meaningful temple–community relationships