Policy Proposal to Solve Problems Affected by PM2.5 Dust in Bangkok, Thailand and Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR

Abstract

This research aims to 1) study the PM2.5 pollution situation in Bangkok and Vientiane before and after 2018, 2) compare policies addressing PM2.5 pollution, and 3) propose policy recommendations to mitigate PM2.5 impacts. Utilizing qualitative methods and in-depth interviews, findings reveal that both cities experience PM2.5 issues primarily from November to March, with increasing levels of PM2.5 post-2018. In Vientiane, PM2.5 pollution surged after 2020, exacerbated by agricultural burning driven by foreign investment, and significant vehicle emissions. Conversely, Bangkok's PM2.5 issues have intensified over the past three years, attributed to vehicle emissions, waste burning, agricultural burning, and construction activities. Comparative policy analysis shows Bangkok has developed comprehensive plans, including a 2024 PM2.5 action plan under a national 20-year air quality management strategy (2018-2037), incorporating short and long-term measures and Zero Emission standards. Vientiane lacks clear action plans, relying on ad hoc government task forces and orders to prevent forest fires and outdoor burning, emphasizing local and central government control to protect health, economy, and tourism. Policy recommendations for Bangkok include strict enforcement of anti-burning laws under the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act, detailed source analysis of PM2.5 with open data access, and a strategic plan covering short, medium, and long-term goals for sustainable solutions. Vientiane should establish regional agreements, especially with Thailand, enhance collaboration with private and civil sectors for conservation projects, and set up a dedicated PM2.5 management agency for professional oversight.