Development of the Ramakien in Thailand

Abstract

The objective of this academic article is to study the development of the Ramakien in Thailand. The findings indicate that the Ramakien has undergone a gradual evolution, which can be divided into four distinct stages: 1. The Oral Literary Period (Before Sukhothai to Early Ayutthaya): During this stage, the story was primarily transmitted orally and was seen as a local tale. It was expressed through sculptures at significant historical sites and played an important role in royal ceremonies. 2. The Written Literary Period (From Sukhothai to Late Ayutthaya): In the Sukhothai period, the narrative evolved from Jataka literature into the Brahmachakra story from Lanna and Phra Lak Phra Lam from Isan. As it progressed into the middle Ayutthaya period, the story transitioned into Niras literature, featuring a clearer storyline and well-defined characters. By the late Ayutthaya period, it had further developed into a literary script used in pantomimes known as Khon, along with dubbing and theatrical performances. 3. The Purposeful Written Literary Period (Late Ayutthaya to Rattanakosin): In the late Ayutthaya period, poets began composing the Ramakien for educational purposes. During the Thonburi period, they composed it to remind the rulers of their responsibilities. In the Rattanakosin period, poets crafted stories that expressed political aims and honored the monarchy. 4. Contemporary Development: In the present era, the Ramakien has been adapted into various forms, including comic books and animated films. The plot has inspired adaptations in genres such as Yaoi, and elements from the Ramakien have also been incorporated into contemporary music, enhancing storytelling in the modern music industry.