Upakkilesa 16 That Appear in the Novel "Krong Karma"

Abstract

Upakkilesa 16 that appeared in Chulamanee's novel "Krong Karma," published in 2017. This study found that Upakkilesa 16 that appeared the most were: 1) Kodha (anger) appeared in the novel 36 times, followed by 2) Asbhijjhā-visamalobha (greed) and Isa (jealousy) 12 times. Next was 3) Atimāna (contempt) for 8 times; 4) Thambha (obstinacy) and Sārambha (rivalry) appeared 6 times; 5) Byāpāda (malevolence) and Upanāha (grudge) appeared 5 times; 6) Māna (conceit) appeared 4 times; 7) Macchariya (stinginess) appeared 3 times; 8) Pamāda (negligence), Palāsa (rivalry) and Mada (vanity) each appeared once. These findings reveal that the character exhibits a high level of angry behavior due to greed and envy, which are subtle defilements causing sorrow and suffering in life. Consequently, this novel serves as a mirror reflecting the way of life, enabling readers to identify the causes of suffering and offering ideas on how to live happily.