การท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศผจญภัย: การรับรู้มาตรฐานผู้ประกอบ กิจกรรมล่องแก่ง บ้านสองแพรก จังหวัดพังงา
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ก.ค. 2, 2019
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การท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศผจญภัย มาตรฐานผู้ประกอบกิจกรรมล่องแก่ง การล่องแก่ง
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บทคัดย่อ
การศึกษานี้วิเคราะห์สถานการณ์ปัจจุบันของการจัดการการท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศผจญภัย และการรับรู้มาตรฐานกิจกรรมล่องแก่งของผู้ประกอบการกิจกรรมท่องเที่ยวประเภทล่องแก่ง เพื่อนำผลการศึกษาที่ได้ไปเสนอแนะแนวทางที่เหมาะสมในการพัฒนามาตรฐานการให้บริการของกิจกรรมล่องแก่งบนพื้นฐานการจัดการท่องเที่ยวอย่างยั่งยืน โดยใช้ระยะเวลาเก็บข้อมูลเพียงครั้งเดียวและศึกษาหน่วยผู้ประกอบการกิจกรรมท่องเที่ยวประเภทล่องแก่งทั้งหมด (Census study) จำนวน 8 คน การศึกษานี้ใช้แบบสัมภาษณ์กึ่งมีโครงสร้างเป็นเครื่องมือการวิจัย ผลการศึกษาพบว่า สถานการณ์ปัจจุบันของจัดการท่องเที่ยวที่บ้านสองแพรก ค่อนข้างแออัดและมีแนวโน้มเติบโตขึ้นเรื่อยๆ ทุกปี จำนวนนักท่องเที่ยวเฉลี่ยประมาณ 420 คน ถึง 2,000 คนต่อวันในฤดูกาลท่องเที่ยว ปัจจุบันบริษัทที่จดทะเบียนธุรกิจอย่างถูกต้องมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 8 บริษัท การรับรู้มาตรฐานกิจกรรมล่องแก่งของบริษัทนำเที่ยวอยู่ในระดับต่ำและบริษัทส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้ปฏิบัติตามเกณฑ์มาตรฐานดังกล่าว ดังนั้นภาครัฐควรมีมาตรการควบคุมและกวดขันให้ผู้ประกอบการกิจกรรมล่องแก่งปฏิบัติตามมาตรฐานผู้ประกอบการกิจกรรมล่องแก่ง รวมถึงควรมีการตรวจสอบการดำเนินกิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยวอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ เพื่อเป็นการช่วยแก้ปัญหาผลกระทบและเพิ่มผลประโยชน์ต่อแหล่งท่องเที่ยว สิ่งแวดล้อม ชุมชน นักท่องเที่ยว และผู้ประกอบการต่อไป
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References
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(2012). Rafting Vs 7 Greens. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from https://adventure.tourismthailand.org/eng/7greens-rafting.php
Ballantyne, R., & Packer, J. (2011). Using tourism free-choice learning experiences to promote
environmentally sustainable behaviour: The role of post-visit ‘action resources’. Environmental Education Research 17 (2) : 201–215.
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Sutherland, L. A. (2011). Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism:
Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences. Tourism Management 32 : 770-779.
Balmford, A., Beresford, J., Green, J., Naidoo, R., Walpole, M., & Manica, A. (2009). A global
perspective on trends in nature-based tourism, PLOS Biology 7 (6), [Online]. Retrieved March 3, 2013. From https://www.plosbiology.otrg.
Beedie, P., and Hudson, S. (2003). Emergence of mountain based adventure tourism. Annals
of Tourism Research 30 (3), 625-643.
Bell, S., Simpson, M., Tyrväinen, L., Sievänen, T., & Pröbstl, U. (2009). European forest
recreation and tourism: A handbook. London: Taylor and Francis.
Bentley, T.A. and Page, S.J. (2001). Scoping the extent of Adventure Tourism Accident, Annals
of Tourism Research 28 (3), 705-726.
Black, R., & Crabtree, A. (2007). Quality control and certification in ecotourism. Willingford:
CAB International.
Boyle, S., Joham, C., & Abdullah, A. B. M. (2012). The Hong Kong Arts Festival and Cultural
Activity Choices. International Review of Business Research Papers 8 (4), 131-143.
Buckley, R., Zhong, L. S., Cater, C., & Chen, T. (2008). Shengtai luyou: Cross-cultural comparison
in ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 35 (4) : 945-968.
Buckley, Ralf. (2009a). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. Wallingford: CAB International.
Carter, R.W., & Beeton, R.J.S. (2004). A model of cultural change and tourism. Asia Pacific
Journal of Tourism Research 9 (4), 423-442.
Carter, R.W., & Beeton, R.J.S. (2008). Managing cultural change and tourism: a review and
perspective. In B. Prideaux, D.J. Dallon T., & K. Chon (Eds.) Cultural and Heritage Tourism in Asia and the Pacific (pp.134-156). London: Roultedge.
Chareanpunsirikul, S. (2001). Notes for a lecture on Introduction of Tourism.
Social and Cultural Impacts Of Tourism [In Thai]. Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University.
Chuetaharn, S. (2004). The ecotourism management of Thai-style homestay at Plai Pongpang
Sub-district, Ampawa District, Samut Songkhram Province [In Thai]. Published Master's thesis, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University.
Department of Tourism Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2014). Summary of Tourist in January
– December 2013 [In Thai]. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from https://tourism.go.th/uploads /Stat/22950.pdf
Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Wildlife Conservation Office.
(2006). [In Thai]. Retrieved August 4, 2012, from https://www.web3.dnp.go.th
Division of Attraction Development Department of Tourism. (2005). Handbook of Evaluation of
Ecotourism Quality [In Thai]. Retrieved March 15, 2014 from https://tourism.go.th/uploads/Standard /2123.pdf
Division of Attraction Development Department of Tourism. (2013). Handbook of Thailand
Tourism Standard, Rafting [In Thai]. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from https://www.tourism.go.th/uploads/Standard/ 626.pdf
Eja, E., Otu, J., Agbor, E., & Samuel, E. (2013). Community Leadership and Attitude to Impact of
Ecotourism Development in Cross River State. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 3 (2), 151-163.
Evans, S. (2003). Quest for adventure and profit. Unpublished paper on development of
adventure tourism amongst UK tour operators.
Fennell, D. (1999). Ecotourism: An introduction. London: Routledge
Fennell, D. A., & Dowling, R. K. (Eds.). (2003). Ecotourism policy and planning. CABI.
Fredman, P., & Sandell, K. (2009). “Protect, preserve, present”- The role of tourism in
Swedish National Parks. In: F. Warwick & C.M. Hall (Eds), Tourism and National Parks. International Perspectives on development, histories and change. Abingdon: Routledge, Contemporary Geographies of leisure, Tourism and mobility.
Fredman, P., & Tyrväinen, L. (2010). Frontiers in Nature-Based Tourism. Scandinavian Journal
of Hospitality and Tourism 10 (3), 177-189.
Gold Coast City Council (2007). Special interest tourism. Retrieve January 11, 2007, from
https://www.goldcoast.Qld.gov.au/attachment/tourism/ts_part3_12.pdf
Hudson, S., ed. (2002). Sport and Adventure Tourism. USA: Haworth Hospitality Press.
Kaewsuriya, R. (2002). The Tourism in the 21st Century [In Thai]. ECOTOURISM NETWORK
Newsletter. November (13)
Karanth, K. K., & DeFries, R. (2011). Nature‐based tourism in Indian protected areas: New
challenges for park management. Conservation Letters 4 (2), 137-149.
Lawton, L. & Weaver, D. (2001). Nature-based Tourism and Ecotourism. In B. Faulkner, G.
Moscardo & E. Laws (Eds.). Tourism in the 21st Century: Lessons from experience (34-48). New York: Continuum.
McCarthy, P. & Whiriskey, J. (2006). Adventure Tourism. Fact Sheet No. 55. Retrieved from
https://www. teagasc.ie/ruraldev/docs/factsheets/55_adventure%20tourism.pdf
Mihalic, T. (2006). Nature-based products, ecotourism and adventure tourism. In D.Buhalis & C.
Costa (Eds.), Tourism Business Frontiers- Consumers, Products and Industry. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann.
Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2011). The National Tourism Development Plan in 2012-2016
[In Thai]. Retrieved February 12, 2014
Piyaworatham, P. (June 3, 2010). Interview.
Prapuetkit, S. (2010). An Evaluation of Attraction Site In Amphur Muang Chanwad Trad To
Create The Ecotourism Route[In Thai]. Published Master's thesis, Srinakharinwirot University.
Reimer, J. K., & Walter, P. (2013). How do you know it when you see it? Community-based
ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management 34, 122-132.
Rungtawanruengsri, S., et al. (2010). The Assessment of the Potentials of Community-Based
Eco-tourism Management: A Case Study of Phuphaphet Cave and Jedkot Cave Tambon Palmpattana, Amphoe Manang, Changwat Satun. Office of the Higher Education Commission.
Bangkok
Saeng-Arun, S. (2005). Ecotourism [In Thai]. Retrieved June 30, 2011, from https://www.dnp.
go.th/NPO/html/Tour/Eco_Tour.html
Santasombat, S., et al. (2001). Ecotourism, Cultural Diversity and Natural Resource management
[In Thai]. Chiang Mai: Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge Studies Center for Research and Sustainable Development. Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University
Shephard, G., and Evans, S. (2005). Adventure Tourism- Hard decisions, soft opinions and
home for tea: adventure on the hoof. In M. Novelli (Ed.). Niche Tourism – Contemporary issues, trends and cases (pp. 201-212). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinmann.
Sriworapot, K., et al. (2009). Approach in Developing Adventure Tourism Activity on Chaweng
Beach, Koh Samui District, Suratthani [In Thai]. Published Master's thesis, Naresuan University . Retrieved February 12, 2014 from https://www.tica.or.th/images/plan_tourism2555-2559/2555-2559.pdf
Subbiah, K., & Kannan, S. (2012). The Management Strategies of Ecotourism Development in
Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Economics Business and Management Studies 1 (3), 114-120.
Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., and Pomfret, G. (2003). Adventure Tourism. The New
Frontier. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann
Sawetserni, S. (2013). Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) set up tourism target for 2014
reached to 2 trillion Baht – foreign tourists will visit Thailand 28 million. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from https://www.thanonline.com/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=190173:-57-2-28-&catid=176:2009-06-25-09-26-02&Itemid=524#.UyKscYW_P_w
Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. (2006). Project of development for
Tourism Activities [In Thai]. Bangkok: Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. (2006). Development of Rafting Standard [In Thai]. Bangkok: Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research
Tourism Authority of Thailand. (2002). The National Eco-tourism Action Plan [In Thai]. Retrieved
March 20, 2014, from https://www.ryt9.com/s/cabt/247616
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2009). World Tourism Organization. Tourism
Highlights, Edition 2009. Retrieve February 8, 2013, from https://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/ UNWTO_Highlights 09_en_LR.pdf.
Weaver, D.B., & Lawton, L.J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism
research. Tourism Management, 28, 1168-1179.
(2012). Rafting Vs 7 Greens. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from https://adventure.tourismthailand.org/eng/7greens-rafting.php
Ballantyne, R., & Packer, J. (2011). Using tourism free-choice learning experiences to promote
environmentally sustainable behaviour: The role of post-visit ‘action resources’. Environmental Education Research 17 (2) : 201–215.
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Sutherland, L. A. (2011). Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism:
Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences. Tourism Management 32 : 770-779.
Balmford, A., Beresford, J., Green, J., Naidoo, R., Walpole, M., & Manica, A. (2009). A global
perspective on trends in nature-based tourism, PLOS Biology 7 (6), [Online]. Retrieved March 3, 2013. From https://www.plosbiology.otrg.
Beedie, P., and Hudson, S. (2003). Emergence of mountain based adventure tourism. Annals
of Tourism Research 30 (3), 625-643.
Bell, S., Simpson, M., Tyrväinen, L., Sievänen, T., & Pröbstl, U. (2009). European forest
recreation and tourism: A handbook. London: Taylor and Francis.
Bentley, T.A. and Page, S.J. (2001). Scoping the extent of Adventure Tourism Accident, Annals
of Tourism Research 28 (3), 705-726.
Black, R., & Crabtree, A. (2007). Quality control and certification in ecotourism. Willingford:
CAB International.
Boyle, S., Joham, C., & Abdullah, A. B. M. (2012). The Hong Kong Arts Festival and Cultural
Activity Choices. International Review of Business Research Papers 8 (4), 131-143.
Buckley, R., Zhong, L. S., Cater, C., & Chen, T. (2008). Shengtai luyou: Cross-cultural comparison
in ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 35 (4) : 945-968.
Buckley, Ralf. (2009a). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. Wallingford: CAB International.
Carter, R.W., & Beeton, R.J.S. (2004). A model of cultural change and tourism. Asia Pacific
Journal of Tourism Research 9 (4), 423-442.
Carter, R.W., & Beeton, R.J.S. (2008). Managing cultural change and tourism: a review and
perspective. In B. Prideaux, D.J. Dallon T., & K. Chon (Eds.) Cultural and Heritage Tourism in Asia and the Pacific (pp.134-156). London: Roultedge.
Chareanpunsirikul, S. (2001). Notes for a lecture on Introduction of Tourism.
Social and Cultural Impacts Of Tourism [In Thai]. Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University.
Chuetaharn, S. (2004). The ecotourism management of Thai-style homestay at Plai Pongpang
Sub-district, Ampawa District, Samut Songkhram Province [In Thai]. Published Master's thesis, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University.
Department of Tourism Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2014). Summary of Tourist in January
– December 2013 [In Thai]. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from https://tourism.go.th/uploads /Stat/22950.pdf
Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Wildlife Conservation Office.
(2006). [In Thai]. Retrieved August 4, 2012, from https://www.web3.dnp.go.th
Division of Attraction Development Department of Tourism. (2005). Handbook of Evaluation of
Ecotourism Quality [In Thai]. Retrieved March 15, 2014 from https://tourism.go.th/uploads/Standard /2123.pdf
Division of Attraction Development Department of Tourism. (2013). Handbook of Thailand
Tourism Standard, Rafting [In Thai]. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from https://www.tourism.go.th/uploads/Standard/ 626.pdf
Eja, E., Otu, J., Agbor, E., & Samuel, E. (2013). Community Leadership and Attitude to Impact of
Ecotourism Development in Cross River State. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 3 (2), 151-163.
Evans, S. (2003). Quest for adventure and profit. Unpublished paper on development of
adventure tourism amongst UK tour operators.
Fennell, D. (1999). Ecotourism: An introduction. London: Routledge
Fennell, D. A., & Dowling, R. K. (Eds.). (2003). Ecotourism policy and planning. CABI.
Fredman, P., & Sandell, K. (2009). “Protect, preserve, present”- The role of tourism in
Swedish National Parks. In: F. Warwick & C.M. Hall (Eds), Tourism and National Parks. International Perspectives on development, histories and change. Abingdon: Routledge, Contemporary Geographies of leisure, Tourism and mobility.
Fredman, P., & Tyrväinen, L. (2010). Frontiers in Nature-Based Tourism. Scandinavian Journal
of Hospitality and Tourism 10 (3), 177-189.
Gold Coast City Council (2007). Special interest tourism. Retrieve January 11, 2007, from
https://www.goldcoast.Qld.gov.au/attachment/tourism/ts_part3_12.pdf
Hudson, S., ed. (2002). Sport and Adventure Tourism. USA: Haworth Hospitality Press.
Kaewsuriya, R. (2002). The Tourism in the 21st Century [In Thai]. ECOTOURISM NETWORK
Newsletter. November (13)
Karanth, K. K., & DeFries, R. (2011). Nature‐based tourism in Indian protected areas: New
challenges for park management. Conservation Letters 4 (2), 137-149.
Lawton, L. & Weaver, D. (2001). Nature-based Tourism and Ecotourism. In B. Faulkner, G.
Moscardo & E. Laws (Eds.). Tourism in the 21st Century: Lessons from experience (34-48). New York: Continuum.
McCarthy, P. & Whiriskey, J. (2006). Adventure Tourism. Fact Sheet No. 55. Retrieved from
https://www. teagasc.ie/ruraldev/docs/factsheets/55_adventure%20tourism.pdf
Mihalic, T. (2006). Nature-based products, ecotourism and adventure tourism. In D.Buhalis & C.
Costa (Eds.), Tourism Business Frontiers- Consumers, Products and Industry. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann.
Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2011). The National Tourism Development Plan in 2012-2016
[In Thai]. Retrieved February 12, 2014
Piyaworatham, P. (June 3, 2010). Interview.
Prapuetkit, S. (2010). An Evaluation of Attraction Site In Amphur Muang Chanwad Trad To
Create The Ecotourism Route[In Thai]. Published Master's thesis, Srinakharinwirot University.
Reimer, J. K., & Walter, P. (2013). How do you know it when you see it? Community-based
ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management 34, 122-132.
Rungtawanruengsri, S., et al. (2010). The Assessment of the Potentials of Community-Based
Eco-tourism Management: A Case Study of Phuphaphet Cave and Jedkot Cave Tambon Palmpattana, Amphoe Manang, Changwat Satun. Office of the Higher Education Commission.
Bangkok
Saeng-Arun, S. (2005). Ecotourism [In Thai]. Retrieved June 30, 2011, from https://www.dnp.
go.th/NPO/html/Tour/Eco_Tour.html
Santasombat, S., et al. (2001). Ecotourism, Cultural Diversity and Natural Resource management
[In Thai]. Chiang Mai: Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge Studies Center for Research and Sustainable Development. Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University
Shephard, G., and Evans, S. (2005). Adventure Tourism- Hard decisions, soft opinions and
home for tea: adventure on the hoof. In M. Novelli (Ed.). Niche Tourism – Contemporary issues, trends and cases (pp. 201-212). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinmann.
Sriworapot, K., et al. (2009). Approach in Developing Adventure Tourism Activity on Chaweng
Beach, Koh Samui District, Suratthani [In Thai]. Published Master's thesis, Naresuan University . Retrieved February 12, 2014 from https://www.tica.or.th/images/plan_tourism2555-2559/2555-2559.pdf
Subbiah, K., & Kannan, S. (2012). The Management Strategies of Ecotourism Development in
Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Economics Business and Management Studies 1 (3), 114-120.
Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., and Pomfret, G. (2003). Adventure Tourism. The New
Frontier. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann
Sawetserni, S. (2013). Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) set up tourism target for 2014
reached to 2 trillion Baht – foreign tourists will visit Thailand 28 million. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from https://www.thanonline.com/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=190173:-57-2-28-&catid=176:2009-06-25-09-26-02&Itemid=524#.UyKscYW_P_w
Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. (2006). Project of development for
Tourism Activities [In Thai]. Bangkok: Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. (2006). Development of Rafting Standard [In Thai]. Bangkok: Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research
Tourism Authority of Thailand. (2002). The National Eco-tourism Action Plan [In Thai]. Retrieved
March 20, 2014, from https://www.ryt9.com/s/cabt/247616
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2009). World Tourism Organization. Tourism
Highlights, Edition 2009. Retrieve February 8, 2013, from https://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/ UNWTO_Highlights 09_en_LR.pdf.
Weaver, D.B., & Lawton, L.J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism
research. Tourism Management, 28, 1168-1179.