The Effect of Virtual Distance on an Employee’s Motivations, Job Satisfaction, and Commitment
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Nov 12, 2013
Keywords:
Virtual distance virtualorganization motivation job satisfaction work commitment organizationalcommitment telecommunication organization
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Abstract
A theoretical model of the causal effects of virtual (physical) distance on employee motivations, job satisfaction, and organizational and work commitment was formulated based onfindings from previous studies. The model was tested and developed using data collected by questionnaire from 253 employees based in Thailand and Indonesia who work in virtual environments in a multinational mobile telecoms equipment joint venture company. Theoretical and practical conclusions are drawn in relation to the role of virtual distance among other factors in the determination of work commitment and organizational commitment. Full or partial support was found formany of the relationships reported in previous studies but differently from previous studies the results indicated that virtual distance has important positive effects on job satisfaction and employee recognition with no serious negative effects on work or organizational commitment.
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References
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Baumeister, R. F. and Vohs, K. D. (2007) Self-regulation, ego-depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1(1): 115-128.
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Bjorn, P. and Ngwenyama, O. (2009) Virtual team collaboration: building shared meaning, resolving breakdowns and creating translucence, Information Systems Journal 19(3): 227-253.
Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B. and Wood, J. A. (2007) The relationship of facets if salesperson job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment, Business and Industrial Marketing 22(5): 311-321.
Bollen, K. A. (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables, New York: Wiley.
Boudreau, M., Gefen, D. and Straub, D. (2001) Validation in IS Research: A Stat-of-the-Art Assessment, MIS Quarterly 25(1): 1-16.
Buchanan, B. (1974) Building Organizational Commitment: the Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 19: 533-546.
Camarinha-Matos, L. M. and Afsarmanesh, H. (2005) “Brief historical perspective for virtual organizations”, Virtual organization - systems and practices, Springer 1-10.
Chen, J. V., Ross, W. and Huang, S. F. (2008) Privacy, trust, and justice considerations for location-based mobile telecommunication services, Pacific Rim Management 10(4): 30-45.
Coakes, S. J. and Steed, L. G. (2003) SPSS Analysis without Anguish, Sydney Australia: John Wiley & Sons.
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Cohen, A. (1999) Relationships among five forms of commitment: an empirical assessment, Organizational Behavior 20: 285-306.
Cohen, A. (2007) Commitment before and after: An evaluation and receptualization of organizational commitment, Human Resource Management Review 17: 336-354.
Cohen, A. and Shamai, O. (2010) The relationship between individual values, psychological well-being, and organizational commitment among Israeli police officers, An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 33(1): 30-51.
Cohen, A. and Veled-Hecht, A. (2008) The relationship between organizational socialization and commitment in the workplace among employees in long-term nursing care, Personal Review 39(5): 537-556.
Colquitt, J., LePine, J. and Wesson, M. (2009) Organizational Behavior: Essentials for Improving Performance and Commitment, McGraw-Hill
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Ebeid, A. Y. H. (2010) Corporate social responsibility and its relation to organizational commitment, Problems and Perspectives in Management 8(2): 76-82.
Falkenburg, K. and Schyns, B. (2007) Work satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal Behaviors, Management Research News 30(10): 708-723.
Neuman, W. L. (2006) Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 6th Ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Ngamchokchaicharoen, R. (2003) The study of organizational commitment in Thailand, Ashrae Journal, Ashrae Thailand Chapte (2002-2003): 1-9.
Orpen, C. (1997) The effects of formal mentoring on employee work motivation, organizational commitment and job performance, The Learning Organization 4(2): 53-60.
Pelit, E., Ozturk, Y. and Arslanturk, Y. (2011) The effects of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction: study on hotels in Turkey, Contemporary Hospitality Management 23(6): 784-802.
Peters, L. M. and Manz, C. C. (2007) Identifying antecedents of virtual team collaboration. Team Performance Management 13(3/4): 117-129.
Piccoli, G., Powell, A. and Ives, B. (2004) Virtual teams: team control structure, work processes, and team effectiveness, Information Technology and People 17(4): 359-379.
Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian. (1974) “Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover among Psychiatric Technicians”. Journal of Applied Psychology 59: 603-609.
Prasad, K. and Akhilesh, K. B. (2002) Global virtual teams: what impacts their design and performance?, Team Performance Management 8(5/6): 102-112.
Putnam, L. (2001) Distance Teamwork - the Realities of Collaborating with Virtual Colleagues. Online 25(2): 54-58.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. and Armeli, S. (2001) Affective commitment to organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support, Journal of Psychology 86(5): 825-836.
Robinson, S. and Bennett, R. (2000) “Development of a measure of workplace deviance”, Journal of Applied Psychology 85: 349-60.
Rogers, J. D., Clow, K. E. and Kash, T. J. (1994) Increasing job satisfaction of service personnel, Journal of Service Management 8(1):14-26.
Ruthankoon, R. and Ogunlana, S. O. (2003) Testing Herzberg’s two-factor theory in the Thai construction industry, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 10(5): 333-341.
Schmidt, S. W. (2007) The relationship between satisfaction with workplace training and overall job satisfaction, Human Resource Development Quarterly 18(4): 481-496.
Schumaker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (1996) A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, New Jersey, Lawrence Eribaum Associates, New Jersey: Mahwah.
Selby-Lucas, J. D., Swart, W. and Duncan, C. S. (2003) Aligning training and organizational performance goals via simulation, Journal of American Academy of Business 2(2): 571-575.
Sharma, J. P. and Bajpai, N. (2010) “Organizational commitment and its impact on job satisfaction of employees: A comparative study in public and private sector in India”, International Bulletin of Business Administration 9, ISSN: 1451-243X.
Sheldon, M. E. (1971) Investments and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to the Organization, Administrative Science Quarterly 16: 143-150.
Siegal, L. and Lane, I. (1982) Personnel and Organizational Psychology. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Sobel, M. E. (1986) Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models, In N. B. Tuma (Ed.), Sociological Methodology, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 159-186.
Sobel-Lojeski, K. and Reilly, R. R. (2008) Uniting the Virtual Workforce: Transforming Leadership and Innovation in the Globally Integrated Enterprise, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Straub, D., Boudreau, M. C. and Gefen, D. (2004) Validation Guidelines for IS positivist Research, Communications of the Association of Information Systems 13: 380-427.
Teck-Hong, T. and Waheed, A. (2011) Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the Malaysian retail sector: The mediating effect of love of money”, Asian Academy of Management Journal 16(1): 73-94.
Tsai, W.C. and Tai, W.T. (2003) Perceived Importance as a Mediator of the Relationship between Training Assignment and Training Motivation, Personal Review 31(2): 151-163.
Vroom, V. H. (1982) Work and Motivation, Rev. ed., Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.
Wang, X. (2007) Learning, job satisfaction and commitment: an empirical study of organizations in China, Chinese Management Studies 1(3): 167-179.
Wellens, J. (1970) Professor Frederic Herzberg on management of motivation, Industrial and Commercial Training 2(7): 333-337.
Williamson, I. O., Burnett, M. F. and Bartol, K. M. (2009) The interactive effect of collectivism and organizational rewards on affective organizational commitment, Cross Culture Management 16(1): 28-43.
Won-Jae, L., Hee-Jong, J. and Johnson, W. (2009) The Effect of Participatory Management on Internal Stress, Overall Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention among Federal Probation Officers. Federal Probation 73(1): 33-40.
Worrell, T. G. (2004) School Psychologists’ Job Satisfaction : Ten Years Later.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Wynne, E. (2000) “Reflections on Recognition: A Matter of Self-realization or a Matter of Justice?”, Thinking Fundamentals, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences 9: 1-11.
Yingjun, Z. (2004) Virtual Organization and Inter-organizational Relationships, London:Penguin Books.
Yousef, D. A. (2000) Organizational commitment: a mediator of the relationships of leadership behavior with job satisfaction and performance in a non-western country, Managerial Psychology 15(1):6-24.
Al-bdour, A. A., Nasruddin, E. and Lin, S. K. (2010) The Relationship between Internal Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Commitment within the Banking Sector in Jorda, International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 5(14): 932-951.
Alomaim, N., Tunca, M. Z. and Zairi, M. (2003) Customer Satisfaction @ Virtual Organizations, Management Decision 41(7): 666-670.
Altindis, S. (2011) Job Motivation and Organizational Commitment among the Health Professionals: a Questionnaire Survey, African Journal of Business Management 5(21): 8601-8609.
Anderson, F. F. and Shane, H. M. (2002) The Impact of Net Centricity on Virtual Teams: the New Performance Challenge, Team Performance Management 8(1/2): 5-12.
Armstrong, M. (2006) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th ed., USA: Kogan Page Publishers.
Aydogdu, S. and Asikgil, B. (2011) An Empirical Study of the Relationship among Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention, International Review of Management and Marketing 1(3): 43-53.
Barney, C. E. and Elias, S. M. (2010) Flex-time as a moderator of the job stress-work motivation relationship: a three nation investigation, Personnel Review 39(4): 487-502.
Bartol, K. M. (2005) Management : a Pacific rim focus. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.
Bassett-Jones, N. and Lloyd, G. C. (2005) Does Herzberg’s motivation theory have staying power?. Journal of Management Development 24(10): 929-943.
Baumeister, R. F. and Vohs, K. D. (2007) Self-regulation, ego-depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1(1): 115-128.
Bjarnason, T. (2009) SOCIAL RECOGNITION AND EMPLOYEES’ ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT: The Impact of Social Recognition on Organizational Commitment, Intent to Stay, Service Effort, and Service Improvements in an Icelandic Service Setting, Department of Sociology Göteborg University, Göteborg Studies in Sociologic No.37.
Bjorn, P. and Ngwenyama, O. (2009) Virtual team collaboration: building shared meaning, resolving breakdowns and creating translucence, Information Systems Journal 19(3): 227-253.
Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B. and Wood, J. A. (2007) The relationship of facets if salesperson job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment, Business and Industrial Marketing 22(5): 311-321.
Bollen, K. A. (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables, New York: Wiley.
Boudreau, M., Gefen, D. and Straub, D. (2001) Validation in IS Research: A Stat-of-the-Art Assessment, MIS Quarterly 25(1): 1-16.
Buchanan, B. (1974) Building Organizational Commitment: the Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 19: 533-546.
Camarinha-Matos, L. M. and Afsarmanesh, H. (2005) “Brief historical perspective for virtual organizations”, Virtual organization - systems and practices, Springer 1-10.
Chen, J. V., Ross, W. and Huang, S. F. (2008) Privacy, trust, and justice considerations for location-based mobile telecommunication services, Pacific Rim Management 10(4): 30-45.
Coakes, S. J. and Steed, L. G. (2003) SPSS Analysis without Anguish, Sydney Australia: John Wiley & Sons.
Coggins, E. (2011) Virtual Organizations – Potential Advantages and Disadvantages [Online URL: https://www.suite101.com/content/virtual-organizations–potential-advantages-and-disadvantages-a353182] accessed on May 25, 2012.
Cohen, A. and Shamai, O. (2010) The relationship between individual values, psychological well-being, and organizational commitment among Israeli police officers, International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 33(1): 30-51.
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., New York: Academic Press.
Cohen, A. (1993) Work commitment in relation to withdrawal intentions and union effectiveness, Business Research 26: 75-90.
Cohen, A. (1999) Relationships among five forms of commitment: an empirical assessment, Organizational Behavior 20: 285-306.
Cohen, A. (2007) Commitment before and after: An evaluation and receptualization of organizational commitment, Human Resource Management Review 17: 336-354.
Cohen, A. and Shamai, O. (2010) The relationship between individual values, psychological well-being, and organizational commitment among Israeli police officers, An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 33(1): 30-51.
Cohen, A. and Veled-Hecht, A. (2008) The relationship between organizational socialization and commitment in the workplace among employees in long-term nursing care, Personal Review 39(5): 537-556.
Colquitt, J., LePine, J. and Wesson, M. (2009) Organizational Behavior: Essentials for Improving Performance and Commitment, McGraw-Hill
Cook, T. D. and Campbell, D. T. (1979) Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings, Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Davis, T. (1985) Managing culture at the bottom. In R.H. Kilmann, M. Saxton, R. Serpa et al., Gaining Control of Corporate Culture. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Ebeid, A. Y. H. (2010) Corporate social responsibility and its relation to organizational commitment, Problems and Perspectives in Management 8(2): 76-82.
Falkenburg, K. and Schyns, B. (2007) Work satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal Behaviors, Management Research News 30(10): 708-723.
Neuman, W. L. (2006) Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 6th Ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Ngamchokchaicharoen, R. (2003) The study of organizational commitment in Thailand, Ashrae Journal, Ashrae Thailand Chapte (2002-2003): 1-9.
Orpen, C. (1997) The effects of formal mentoring on employee work motivation, organizational commitment and job performance, The Learning Organization 4(2): 53-60.
Pelit, E., Ozturk, Y. and Arslanturk, Y. (2011) The effects of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction: study on hotels in Turkey, Contemporary Hospitality Management 23(6): 784-802.
Peters, L. M. and Manz, C. C. (2007) Identifying antecedents of virtual team collaboration. Team Performance Management 13(3/4): 117-129.
Piccoli, G., Powell, A. and Ives, B. (2004) Virtual teams: team control structure, work processes, and team effectiveness, Information Technology and People 17(4): 359-379.
Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian. (1974) “Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover among Psychiatric Technicians”. Journal of Applied Psychology 59: 603-609.
Prasad, K. and Akhilesh, K. B. (2002) Global virtual teams: what impacts their design and performance?, Team Performance Management 8(5/6): 102-112.
Putnam, L. (2001) Distance Teamwork - the Realities of Collaborating with Virtual Colleagues. Online 25(2): 54-58.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. and Armeli, S. (2001) Affective commitment to organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support, Journal of Psychology 86(5): 825-836.
Robinson, S. and Bennett, R. (2000) “Development of a measure of workplace deviance”, Journal of Applied Psychology 85: 349-60.
Rogers, J. D., Clow, K. E. and Kash, T. J. (1994) Increasing job satisfaction of service personnel, Journal of Service Management 8(1):14-26.
Ruthankoon, R. and Ogunlana, S. O. (2003) Testing Herzberg’s two-factor theory in the Thai construction industry, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 10(5): 333-341.
Schmidt, S. W. (2007) The relationship between satisfaction with workplace training and overall job satisfaction, Human Resource Development Quarterly 18(4): 481-496.
Schumaker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (1996) A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, New Jersey, Lawrence Eribaum Associates, New Jersey: Mahwah.
Selby-Lucas, J. D., Swart, W. and Duncan, C. S. (2003) Aligning training and organizational performance goals via simulation, Journal of American Academy of Business 2(2): 571-575.
Sharma, J. P. and Bajpai, N. (2010) “Organizational commitment and its impact on job satisfaction of employees: A comparative study in public and private sector in India”, International Bulletin of Business Administration 9, ISSN: 1451-243X.
Sheldon, M. E. (1971) Investments and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to the Organization, Administrative Science Quarterly 16: 143-150.
Siegal, L. and Lane, I. (1982) Personnel and Organizational Psychology. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Sobel, M. E. (1986) Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models, In N. B. Tuma (Ed.), Sociological Methodology, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 159-186.
Sobel-Lojeski, K. and Reilly, R. R. (2008) Uniting the Virtual Workforce: Transforming Leadership and Innovation in the Globally Integrated Enterprise, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Straub, D., Boudreau, M. C. and Gefen, D. (2004) Validation Guidelines for IS positivist Research, Communications of the Association of Information Systems 13: 380-427.
Teck-Hong, T. and Waheed, A. (2011) Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the Malaysian retail sector: The mediating effect of love of money”, Asian Academy of Management Journal 16(1): 73-94.
Tsai, W.C. and Tai, W.T. (2003) Perceived Importance as a Mediator of the Relationship between Training Assignment and Training Motivation, Personal Review 31(2): 151-163.
Vroom, V. H. (1982) Work and Motivation, Rev. ed., Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.
Wang, X. (2007) Learning, job satisfaction and commitment: an empirical study of organizations in China, Chinese Management Studies 1(3): 167-179.
Wellens, J. (1970) Professor Frederic Herzberg on management of motivation, Industrial and Commercial Training 2(7): 333-337.
Williamson, I. O., Burnett, M. F. and Bartol, K. M. (2009) The interactive effect of collectivism and organizational rewards on affective organizational commitment, Cross Culture Management 16(1): 28-43.
Won-Jae, L., Hee-Jong, J. and Johnson, W. (2009) The Effect of Participatory Management on Internal Stress, Overall Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention among Federal Probation Officers. Federal Probation 73(1): 33-40.
Worrell, T. G. (2004) School Psychologists’ Job Satisfaction : Ten Years Later.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Wynne, E. (2000) “Reflections on Recognition: A Matter of Self-realization or a Matter of Justice?”, Thinking Fundamentals, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences 9: 1-11.
Yingjun, Z. (2004) Virtual Organization and Inter-organizational Relationships, London:Penguin Books.
Yousef, D. A. (2000) Organizational commitment: a mediator of the relationships of leadership behavior with job satisfaction and performance in a non-western country, Managerial Psychology 15(1):6-24.