Regulation Compliance Model of National Park Visitors
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Published:
Jan 10, 2019
Keywords:
Regulation compliance national park visitor path model
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Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate visitor compliance in Thailand’s national parks and test a path model of factors influencing visitor compliance. Visitors to five national parks were sampled. Questionnaire was used to collect data from 500 visitors. The data was analyzed by descriptive and SEM methods. The research found that the path model was consistent with empirical data, which was evidenced through a chi-square (x2) of 42.00, a probability (p) of 0.06, a degree of freedom (df) of 29, a goodness of fit index (GFI) of 0.98, an adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of 0.97, a comparative fit index (CFI) of 0.99, a standard root mean square residual (SRMR) of 0.04, and a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.03. All variables in the model could explain 34% of variance in regulation compliance. The intention to comply had a direct positive effect on visitor compliance, while the perceived injunctive social norm, personal morality, the awareness of regulation compliance, legitimacy, knowledge of park regulations, the perceived environmental problems, and legal sanctions had a direct positive effect on the intention to comply and had an indirect positive effect on visitor compliance through the intention to comply.
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References
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Rueangsut, A. (2015) Deviant behaviors of visitors to Khao Yai National Park. Master’s thesis. Kasetsart University.
Solomon, J. N., Michael, C. V., and Meredith, L. G. (2015) Detecting and understanding non-compliance with conservation rules Biological Conservation 189: 1-4.
Statista. (2017) Number of Recreational Visitors to National Park Service sites from 2008 to 2017. [Online URL: www.statista.com/statistics/206820/number-of-visitors-to-national-park-service-sites-since-2010.] accessed on March 10, 2017.
Suksawang, P. (2013) Structural Equation Modeling. Bangkok: Thai Watana Panich Printing House. Timothy, R. M. (2003) Regulation, compliance, and the firm. Temple Law Review 76: 451.
Vagias, W. M., Powell, R. B., Moore, D.D., and Wright, B.A. (2014) Predicting behavioral intentions to comply with recommended leave no trace practices. Leisure Sciences 00: 1-19.
Ward, C., and Roggenbuck, J. (2003) Understanding park visitor's responses to interventions to reduce petrified wood theft. Journal of Interpretation Research 8(1): 67-82.
Winter, P. L. (2006) The impact of normative message types on off-trail hiking. Journal of Interpretation Research 11 (1): 35-52.
Young, O. R. (1979) Compliance and public authority. A Theory with Practical International Applications, Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press.
Brashares, J. S., Abrahms, B., Hojnowski, C., Marsh, R., McCauley, D., Nunez, T., Seto, K., and Withey, L. (2014) Wildlife declines and social conflict. Science 345: 376-378.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown T. J., Ham, S. H., and Hughes, M. (2010) Picking up litter: An application of theory-based communication to influence tourist behaviour in protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(7): 879-900.
Cialdini, R. B., Demaine L. J., Sagarin, B. J., Barrett, D.W., Rhoads, K., and Winter, P.L. (2006) Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence 1(1): 3-15.
Crocker, L., and Algina, J. (1986) Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 6: 297-334.
Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (2017) Statistics for Tourists in National Parks Fiscal Year 2555-2559. [Online URL: www.dnp.go.th/NPRD/develop/data/stat59/5year_59.pdf] accessed on March 10, 2017.
Faul, F., Erdfelderan, E., Lang, A. G. and Buchner, A. (2007) G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2): 175-191.
Fischer, L., and Wiswede, G. (1997) Grundlagen der Sozialpsychologie. München: Oldenbourg.
Fredman, P., Romild, U., Emmelin, L. and Yuan, M. (2009) Non-compliance with on-site data collection in outdoor recreation monitoring. Visitor Studies 12(2): 164-181.
Goh, E. (2015) Understanding non-compliance in national parks: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Ph.D. Thesis: University of Queensland.
Gramann, J. H., Bonifeld, R. L., and Kim, Y. (1995) Effect of personality and situational factors on intentions to obey rules in outdoor recreation areas. Journal of Leisure Research 27(4): 326-343.
Guilford, J. P., and Fruchter, B. (1988) Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education. McGraw Hill New Delhi: ISE.
Hedges, L. V., and Olkin, I. (1985) Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Florida: Academic Press.
Jafarpour, M. (2016) Comparative Influence of Social Norms on Tourist Behaviour in Wildlife. UMP-SAGE Publications Young Writer’s Award 2015 176-190.
Jantowat, H., Phongkhieo, N. T., and Kaitpraneet. S. (2011) Responses toward Regulations and Recreational User Management Measures of Visitors to Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai Journal of Forestry 30(2): 39-47.
Jarungphan, K. (2001) Nonconforming behaviors of visitors to national park: A case study of Erawan National Park, Kanchanaburi province. Master’s thesis. Kasetsart University.
Johnson, D. R., and Vande Kamp, M. E. (1996) Extent and control of resource damage due to noncompliant visitor behavior: A case study from the US National Parks. Natural Areas Journal 16(2): 131-141.
Lawhon, B., Newman, P. Taff, D., Vaske, J., Vagias, W. M., Lawson, S., and Monz, C. (2013) Factors influencing behavioral intentions for leave no trace behavior in national parks. Journal of Interpretation Research 18(1): 23-38.
Loakaewnoo, T., Phumsathan, S. and Phongkhieo, N.T. (2015) Environmental awareness of visitors to Erawan National Park, Kanchanaburi province. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 36: 34-46.
Luanchawee, L. (2004) Legal Measures for the Management of Ecotourism Resources: Specifically the Case of National Parks. Bangkok: Faculty of Law Pridi Banomyong, Dhurakij Pundit University.
Manning, R. E., and Anderson, L. E. (2012) Managing Outdoor Recreation: Case Studies in the National Parks. New York: CABI.
Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G., and Guarino, A.J. (2013) Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation, 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications.
Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A., and Vining, C.G. (2001) Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, 3rd ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Piyapimonsit, C. (2005) Using SPSS for Data Analysis, 5th ed., Songkhla: Thaksin University.
Poolsawat, A. (2013) Normative behaviors in recreation settings of Thai and foreign visitors to national park: A case study of Khao Yai National Park. Master’s thesis. Kasetsart University.
Rovinelli, R. J., and Hambleton, R. K. (1977) On the use of content specialists in the assessment of criterion-referenced test item validity. Dutch Journal of Educational Research 2: 49-60.
Rueangsut, A. (2015) Deviant behaviors of visitors to Khao Yai National Park. Master’s thesis. Kasetsart University.
Solomon, J. N., Michael, C. V., and Meredith, L. G. (2015) Detecting and understanding non-compliance with conservation rules Biological Conservation 189: 1-4.
Statista. (2017) Number of Recreational Visitors to National Park Service sites from 2008 to 2017. [Online URL: www.statista.com/statistics/206820/number-of-visitors-to-national-park-service-sites-since-2010.] accessed on March 10, 2017.
Suksawang, P. (2013) Structural Equation Modeling. Bangkok: Thai Watana Panich Printing House. Timothy, R. M. (2003) Regulation, compliance, and the firm. Temple Law Review 76: 451.
Vagias, W. M., Powell, R. B., Moore, D.D., and Wright, B.A. (2014) Predicting behavioral intentions to comply with recommended leave no trace practices. Leisure Sciences 00: 1-19.
Ward, C., and Roggenbuck, J. (2003) Understanding park visitor's responses to interventions to reduce petrified wood theft. Journal of Interpretation Research 8(1): 67-82.
Winter, P. L. (2006) The impact of normative message types on off-trail hiking. Journal of Interpretation Research 11 (1): 35-52.
Young, O. R. (1979) Compliance and public authority. A Theory with Practical International Applications, Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press.