Factor structure and Construct Validity of Measuring Multicultural Leadership in Thai Society Context
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Published:
Jan 7, 2019
Keywords:
Multicultural leadership Factor structure Construct validity Convergent validity Discriminant validity
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aims of the present study were: 1) to assess the factor structure of The Multicultural Leadership Questionnaire (MCLQ) in Thai context; and 2) to assess its construct validity of MCLQ by assess the convergent validity and discriminant validity. The sample consisted of 282 the government employees of Local Administrative Organizations in the three southern border province of Thailand. Assess of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) conducted shown that MCLQ is a multi-dimensional scale with 5 factors: 1) metacognitive cultural quotient 2) cognitive and motivation cultural quotient 3) openness to cultural diversity 4) global identity and 5) openness to cultural diversity. The findings also showed acceptable construct validity for the MCLQ.
Article Details
How to Cite
รินไธสง อ. (2019). Factor structure and Construct Validity of Measuring Multicultural Leadership in Thai Society Context. Journal of Education Thaksin University, 18(2), 83–102. retrieved from https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/eduthu/article/view/148021
Section
บทความวิจัย
ในกรณีที่กองบรรณาธิการ หรือผู้เชี่ยวชาญ ซึ่งได้รับเชิญให้เป็นผู้ตรวจบทความวิจัย หรือ บทความทางวิชาการมีความเห็นว่าควรแก้ไขความบกพร่อง ทางกองบรรณาธิการจะส่งต้นฉบับให้ ผู้เขียนพิจารณาจัดการแก้ไขให้เหมาะสมก่อนที่จะลงพิมพ์ ทั้งนี้ กองบรรณาธิการจะยึดถือความคิด เห็นของผู้เชี่ยวชาญเป็นเกณฑ์
References
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Ang, S., L., V. D., Ng, K. C., J., K. Y. T. K., & Tay, C. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization, 3(3), 33-371.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(11), 100-123.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation, and task performance. Management and Organization, 3(3), 33-371.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for inter- personal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assising model fit (K. Bollen & J. S. Long Eds.). New bury Park, CA Sage.
Canen, A., & Canen, A. (2008). Multicultural leadership: The costs of its absence in organizational conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19(1), 4-19. doi:DOI 10.1108/10444060810849155
Canen, A., & Peters, M. A. (2005). Issues and dilemmas of multicultural education: theories, policies and practices. Policy Futures in Education, 3(4).
Chen, X. P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 93-106. doi:10.1037/a0024697
Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Mor, S. (2012). Collaborating across cultures: Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118(2), 116-131. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.03.009
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Cox, T. J. (2001). Creating the Multicultural Organization, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
D’Netto, B., & Sohal, A. S. (1999). Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment. International Journal of Manpower, 20(8), 530-547.
Deng, L., & Gibson, P. (2008). A qualitative evaluation on the role of cultural intelligence in cross-cultural leadership effectiveness. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(2), 181-197.
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures Stanford Business Books. Standford, CA.
Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. (1993). Culture, Self-Identity, and Work. New York: Oxford University Press
Erez, M., & Gati, E. (2004). A dynamic, multi-level model of culture: from the micro level of the individual to the macro level of a global culture. Applied Psychology: An Internatioaal Review, 53(4), 583-598.
Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., & Shokef, E. (2013). Going global: developing management students’ cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12(3), 330-355. doi:DOI: 10.5465/amle.2012.0200
Erez, M., & Shokef, E. (2008). The Culture of Global Organizations. In P. Smith, M. Peterson, & D. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management Research. Technion City, Haifa, Isarael: Sage publications.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 45-46
Fujimoto, Y., Bahfen, N., Fermelis, J., & Härtel, C. E. J. (2007). The global village: Online cross-cultural communication and HRM. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 14(1), 7-22.
Goldman, A. (2006). Personality disorders in leaders. ournal of Managerial Psychology, 21(5), 392-414.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2 ed.). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Groves, K., & Feyerherm, A. (2011). Leader cultural intelligence in context: Testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance. Group & Organization Management, 36, 535-566. doi:doi:10.1177/1059601111415664
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6): Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Härtel, C. E. J. (2004). Towards a multicultural world: Identifying work systems, practices and employee attitudes that embrace diversity. The Australian Journal of Management, 29(2), 189-200.
Härtel, E. J., & Fujimoto, Y. (2000). Deversity is not a problem to be managed by organisations but openness to perceived dissimilarity is. Journal of Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, 6(1), 14-27.
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(33), 393-416.
Hetzel, R. D. (1996). A primer on fator anaysis with comments on patterns of practice and reporting. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advance in social science methodology (pp. 175-206). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Hobman, E. V., Bordia, P., & Gllois, C. (2004). Perceived dissimilarity and work group involvement: The moderating effects of group openness to diversity. Group & Organization Management, 29, 260-287.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis : Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(11), 1-55.
Jackson, V. (2002). Cultural competency. Behavioral Health Management, 22(2), 20-26.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151., 20, 141-151.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.
Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 246-255.
Kim, Y. J., & Van Dyne, L. (2011). Cultural intelligence and international leadership potential: The importance of contact for members of the majority. Applied Psychology: An International Review. Advance online publication. doi:doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00468.xdoi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2014.01.002
Lisak, A., & Erez, M. (2015). Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics. Journal of World Business, 50(1), 3-14.
Lovvorn, A. S., & Chen, J. S. (2011). Developing a global mindset: The relationship between and international assignment and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9), 275-283.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 130-149.
Manfred, K. d. V., Hellwig, T., Vrignaud, P., Laura Guillen Ramo, Florent-Treacy, E., & Korotov, K. (2008). Sustainable Effectiveness of a Transformaional Leadership Development Program.International. Journal of Coaching Psychology, Revized version of 2008/24/EFE.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Marx, E. (1999). Banking Through Culture Shock. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Miville, M. L., Gelso, C. J., Pannu, R., Liu, W., Touradji, P., Holloway, P., & Fuertes, J. (1999). Appreciating similarities and valuing differences: The Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 291-307.
Moon, H. K., Choi, B. K., & Jung, J. S. (2012). Prevous international experience, intercultural training, and edpatriates intercutural adjustment: Effects of cultural intelligence and goal orientation. Human Reseource Development Quarterly, 23, 285-330.
Moon, T. (2010). Emotional intelligence correlation of the four-factor model of cutlural intellingence. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 876-493.
Muller, H., & Haase, B. (1994). Managing diversity in health services organizations. Hospital and Health Services Administration, 39(4), 415-434.
Neisser, U. (1993). The perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press. .
Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In A. M. Ryan, F. T. L. Leong, & F. Oswald (Eds.), Conducting multinational research projects in organizational psychology. Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).(New York: McGraw-Hill). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Riordan, C. M., & McFarlane Shore, L. (1997). Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: An empirical examination of relational demography within work units. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 342-358.
Rockstuhl, T., & Ng, K. Y. (2008). The effects of cultural intelligence on interpersonal trust in multicultural teams. In S. Ang & L. V. Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 206-220). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond general intelligence(IQ) and emotinal intelligece(EQ): The role of cultural intelligene(CQ) on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globlaized world. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 825-840.
Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., Köksal, O., & Ercan, Ü. (2013). Meauring cultural intellingence in the Turkish context. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(2), 135-144.
Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of Four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In S. Ang & V. D. L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 41-55). New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2006). Global work culture and global identity, as a platform for a shared understanding in multicultural teams. In E. A. M. Mannix, M. Neale, & Y. Chen (Eds.). United Kingdom: Elsevier.
Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2008). Cultural Intelligence and Global Identity in Multicultural Teams. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5 ed.). Allyn and Bacon.: Allyn and Bacon.
Thomas, R. R. J., & Woodruff, M. I. (1999). Building a House for Diversity, AMACOM, New York, NY. New York: AMACOM.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behaviour in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
Van Knippenberg, D., Van Knippenberg, B., De Cremer, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2004). Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 825-856.
Vega, G., & Comer, D. R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break your bones, but words can break your spirit: bullying in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 58, 101-109.
Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Component Analysis Versus Common Factor Analysis- Some Further Observation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 97-114. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 97-114.
Ward, C., Fischer, R., Lam, F. S. Z., & Hall, L. (2009). The convergent, discriminant and increment validity of scores on a self-report measure of cultural intellingence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(85-105).
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D., F., and Summers, G. (1977), Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8 (1), 84-136.
Zhang, Y., & Khare, A. (2009). The impact of accessible identities on the evaluation of global versus local products. Journal of Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 524-537.
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432-442.
Ang, S., L., V. D., Ng, K. C., J., K. Y. T. K., & Tay, C. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization, 3(3), 33-371.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(11), 100-123.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation, and task performance. Management and Organization, 3(3), 33-371.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for inter- personal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assising model fit (K. Bollen & J. S. Long Eds.). New bury Park, CA Sage.
Canen, A., & Canen, A. (2008). Multicultural leadership: The costs of its absence in organizational conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19(1), 4-19. doi:DOI 10.1108/10444060810849155
Canen, A., & Peters, M. A. (2005). Issues and dilemmas of multicultural education: theories, policies and practices. Policy Futures in Education, 3(4).
Chen, X. P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 93-106. doi:10.1037/a0024697
Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Mor, S. (2012). Collaborating across cultures: Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118(2), 116-131. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.03.009
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Cox, T. J. (2001). Creating the Multicultural Organization, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
D’Netto, B., & Sohal, A. S. (1999). Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment. International Journal of Manpower, 20(8), 530-547.
Deng, L., & Gibson, P. (2008). A qualitative evaluation on the role of cultural intelligence in cross-cultural leadership effectiveness. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(2), 181-197.
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures Stanford Business Books. Standford, CA.
Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. (1993). Culture, Self-Identity, and Work. New York: Oxford University Press
Erez, M., & Gati, E. (2004). A dynamic, multi-level model of culture: from the micro level of the individual to the macro level of a global culture. Applied Psychology: An Internatioaal Review, 53(4), 583-598.
Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., & Shokef, E. (2013). Going global: developing management students’ cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12(3), 330-355. doi:DOI: 10.5465/amle.2012.0200
Erez, M., & Shokef, E. (2008). The Culture of Global Organizations. In P. Smith, M. Peterson, & D. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management Research. Technion City, Haifa, Isarael: Sage publications.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 45-46
Fujimoto, Y., Bahfen, N., Fermelis, J., & Härtel, C. E. J. (2007). The global village: Online cross-cultural communication and HRM. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 14(1), 7-22.
Goldman, A. (2006). Personality disorders in leaders. ournal of Managerial Psychology, 21(5), 392-414.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2 ed.). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Groves, K., & Feyerherm, A. (2011). Leader cultural intelligence in context: Testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance. Group & Organization Management, 36, 535-566. doi:doi:10.1177/1059601111415664
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6): Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Härtel, C. E. J. (2004). Towards a multicultural world: Identifying work systems, practices and employee attitudes that embrace diversity. The Australian Journal of Management, 29(2), 189-200.
Härtel, E. J., & Fujimoto, Y. (2000). Deversity is not a problem to be managed by organisations but openness to perceived dissimilarity is. Journal of Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, 6(1), 14-27.
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(33), 393-416.
Hetzel, R. D. (1996). A primer on fator anaysis with comments on patterns of practice and reporting. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advance in social science methodology (pp. 175-206). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Hobman, E. V., Bordia, P., & Gllois, C. (2004). Perceived dissimilarity and work group involvement: The moderating effects of group openness to diversity. Group & Organization Management, 29, 260-287.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis : Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(11), 1-55.
Jackson, V. (2002). Cultural competency. Behavioral Health Management, 22(2), 20-26.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151., 20, 141-151.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.
Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 246-255.
Kim, Y. J., & Van Dyne, L. (2011). Cultural intelligence and international leadership potential: The importance of contact for members of the majority. Applied Psychology: An International Review. Advance online publication. doi:doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00468.xdoi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2014.01.002
Lisak, A., & Erez, M. (2015). Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics. Journal of World Business, 50(1), 3-14.
Lovvorn, A. S., & Chen, J. S. (2011). Developing a global mindset: The relationship between and international assignment and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9), 275-283.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 130-149.
Manfred, K. d. V., Hellwig, T., Vrignaud, P., Laura Guillen Ramo, Florent-Treacy, E., & Korotov, K. (2008). Sustainable Effectiveness of a Transformaional Leadership Development Program.International. Journal of Coaching Psychology, Revized version of 2008/24/EFE.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Marx, E. (1999). Banking Through Culture Shock. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Miville, M. L., Gelso, C. J., Pannu, R., Liu, W., Touradji, P., Holloway, P., & Fuertes, J. (1999). Appreciating similarities and valuing differences: The Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 291-307.
Moon, H. K., Choi, B. K., & Jung, J. S. (2012). Prevous international experience, intercultural training, and edpatriates intercutural adjustment: Effects of cultural intelligence and goal orientation. Human Reseource Development Quarterly, 23, 285-330.
Moon, T. (2010). Emotional intelligence correlation of the four-factor model of cutlural intellingence. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 876-493.
Muller, H., & Haase, B. (1994). Managing diversity in health services organizations. Hospital and Health Services Administration, 39(4), 415-434.
Neisser, U. (1993). The perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press. .
Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In A. M. Ryan, F. T. L. Leong, & F. Oswald (Eds.), Conducting multinational research projects in organizational psychology. Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).(New York: McGraw-Hill). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Riordan, C. M., & McFarlane Shore, L. (1997). Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: An empirical examination of relational demography within work units. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 342-358.
Rockstuhl, T., & Ng, K. Y. (2008). The effects of cultural intelligence on interpersonal trust in multicultural teams. In S. Ang & L. V. Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 206-220). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond general intelligence(IQ) and emotinal intelligece(EQ): The role of cultural intelligene(CQ) on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globlaized world. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 825-840.
Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., Köksal, O., & Ercan, Ü. (2013). Meauring cultural intellingence in the Turkish context. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(2), 135-144.
Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of Four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In S. Ang & V. D. L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 41-55). New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2006). Global work culture and global identity, as a platform for a shared understanding in multicultural teams. In E. A. M. Mannix, M. Neale, & Y. Chen (Eds.). United Kingdom: Elsevier.
Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2008). Cultural Intelligence and Global Identity in Multicultural Teams. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5 ed.). Allyn and Bacon.: Allyn and Bacon.
Thomas, R. R. J., & Woodruff, M. I. (1999). Building a House for Diversity, AMACOM, New York, NY. New York: AMACOM.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behaviour in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
Van Knippenberg, D., Van Knippenberg, B., De Cremer, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2004). Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 825-856.
Vega, G., & Comer, D. R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break your bones, but words can break your spirit: bullying in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 58, 101-109.
Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Component Analysis Versus Common Factor Analysis- Some Further Observation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 97-114. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 97-114.
Ward, C., Fischer, R., Lam, F. S. Z., & Hall, L. (2009). The convergent, discriminant and increment validity of scores on a self-report measure of cultural intellingence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(85-105).
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D., F., and Summers, G. (1977), Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8 (1), 84-136.
Zhang, Y., & Khare, A. (2009). The impact of accessible identities on the evaluation of global versus local products. Journal of Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 524-537.
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432-442.
