Mediating Role of Mediating Role of Perceived Organization Justice and Perceived Organization Support on Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Local Organization Officers in Three Southern Border
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Published:
Sep 13, 2018
Keywords:
Perceived Organizational Justice Transformational Leadership Organizational Citizenship Behavior Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this research was to testing the Mediating Role of Mediating Role of Perceived Organization Justice and Perceived Organization Support on Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Local Organization Officers in Three Southern Border. Sample consisted of 375 from 72 Administrators and 285 officers of Local Administrative Organization in Three Southern Border Provinces, Thailand. The samples were obtained through stratified proportional sampling method. Research instruments were questionnaire with 5-point rating scale. Statistical tools employed were Multilevel Structural Equation modeling and Parallel mediating analysis.
The research results showed that The Model consisted the Empirical data by /df = 2.831, RMSEA=080. CFI = 0.921, TLI = 0.901 The perceived organizational justice that evaluated by subordinate as partial mediation role between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, but the perceived organizational justice was no mediation role between transformational leadership that the administrator self-evaluation and organizational citizenship behavior.
Article Details
How to Cite
รินไธสง อ., & ศันสนีย์วิทยกุล อ. (2018). Mediating Role of Mediating Role of Perceived Organization Justice and Perceived Organization Support on Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Local Organization Officers in Three Southern Border. Journal of Education Thaksin University, 18(1), 135–148. retrieved from https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/eduthu/article/view/145531
Section
บทความวิจัย
ในกรณีที่กองบรรณาธิการ หรือผู้เชี่ยวชาญ ซึ่งได้รับเชิญให้เป็นผู้ตรวจบทความวิจัย หรือ บทความทางวิชาการมีความเห็นว่าควรแก้ไขความบกพร่อง ทางกองบรรณาธิการจะส่งต้นฉบับให้ ผู้เขียนพิจารณาจัดการแก้ไขให้เหมาะสมก่อนที่จะลงพิมพ์ ทั้งนี้ กองบรรณาธิการจะยึดถือความคิด เห็นของผู้เชี่ยวชาญเป็นเกณฑ์
References
กรมส่งเสริมการปกครอง. (2558). ข้อมูลจำนวนองค์การปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น. Retrieved from http://www.dla.go.th/work/abt/
พนิดา ทองเงา. (2548). ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความยุติธรรมภายในองค์การ การรับรูพฤติกรรมการเป็นสมาชิกที่ดีขององค์การ และการรับรู้คุณภาพการบริการ. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวชิาจิตวทิยาอุตสาหกรรมและ องคก์าร. มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์
ภัทรนฤน พันธุ์สีดา. (2543). ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความยุติธรรมในองค์การกับพฤติกรรมการเป็นสมาชิกที่ดีขององค์การ: ศึกษากรณีพนักงานระดับปฏิบัติการในองค์การของรัฐแห่งหนึ่ง. วิทยานิพนธ์ศิลปศาสรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาจิตวิทยาอุสาหกรรมและองค์การ.มหาวิทยาลัยธรรม-ศาสตร์.
ยุวดี ศิริยทรัพย์.(2553). ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้การสนับสนุนจากองค์การความยุติธรรมในองค์การและพฤติกรรมการเป็นสมาชิกที่ดีขององค์การของบุคลากรมหาวิทยาลัยในกำกับของรัฐ กรณีศึกษา : มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา, มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา. วิทานิพนธ์การจัดการมหาบัณฑิต สาขาการจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์, คณะวิทยาการจัดการและการท่องเที่ยว มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in experimental social psychology, 2(267-299).
Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations: Sage.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations: Free Press; Collier Macmillan.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact: Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public administration quarterly, 112-121.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership: Psychology Press.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. Research on negotiation in organizations, 1(1), 43-55.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life: Transaction Publishers.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assising model fit (K. Bollen & J. S. Long Eds.). New bury Park, CA Sage.
Cho, J., & Dansereau, F. (2010). Are transformational leaders fair? A multi-level study of transformational leadership, justice perceptions, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), 409-421.
Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., & Nord, W. R. (1996). Handbook of organization studies: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321.
Colquitt, J., Greenberg, J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). What is organizational justice? A historical overview. In J. Greenberg & J. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Justice (pp. 3-56). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimentionality of organizational justice:A construct validity of a measure. . Jouranal of Applied Psycholoty, 86, 386-400.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425.
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Judge, T. A., & Shaw, J. C. (2006). Justice and personality: Using integrative theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(1), 110-127. doi:http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.09.001
Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit‐level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
Gordon, S. (2002). Pattern recognition receptors: doubling up for the innate immune response. Cell, 111(7), 927-930.
Greenberg, J. (1993). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54(1), 81-103.
Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. (2003). Behaviour in Organisations, (8 ed.): Prentice Hall.
Guangling, W. (2011). The Study on Relationship between Employees’ Sense of Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Private Enterprises. Energy Procedia, 5(0), 2030-2034. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.350
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres. 2007.07.032
Hair, F., JR., J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multilvariate Data Analysis. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hellriegel, D., & Slocum Jr, W. (2004). Organizational Behavior: Thomson.
Hox, J. j., Maas, C. J. M., & Brinkhuis, M. J. S. (2010). The effect of estimation mehthod and sample size in multilevel structural equation modeling. Statistica Neerlandica, 64(2), 157-170. doi:10.1111/j.467-9574.2009.00445.x
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis : Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(11), 1-55.
Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: evidence that structural e-quations models perform better than regressions. Journal of consumer Psychology, 17(2), 140-154.
Jamaludin, Z. (2009). Perceived Organizational Justice And Its Impact To The Development Of Commitments: A Regression Analysis. World Journal of Management, 1(1), 49–61.
James, W. (1980). Priciples of psychology. New York: Holt.
Kidwell, R. E., Mossholder, K. W., & Bennett, N. (1997). Cohesiveness and organizational citizenship behavior: A multilevel analysis using work groups and individuals. Journal of Management, 23(6), 775-793.
Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2001). Organisational behaviour. 5th international ed. Maiden head: McGraw-Hill, 223.
Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? : Springer.
Loi, R., Ngo, H. Y., & Foley, S. (2006). Linking employees’ justice perceptions to organizational commitment and intention to leave: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(1), 101-120.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391
Naumann, S. E., & Bennett, N. (2000). A case for procedural justice climate: Development and test of a multilevel model. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 881-889.
Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556.
Organ, D. W. (1987). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Massacusetts: Lexinton.
Organ, D. W. (1988). A restatement of the satisfaction-performance hypothesis. Journal of Management, 14(4), 547-557.
Organ, D. W., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Cognitive versus affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 157.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKensie, S. B. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. Sage Publication: Thousands Oaks.
Piaget, J. (1946). La information du symble chez I'enfant. Paris: Delachaux & Niestle.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698.
Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (1994). Consumer Behvior (5 ed.). New Jerwey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Biginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. New Jersey. Wawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. (2012). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Applied Multilevel Analysis (2 ed.). Thosand Oaks, California: Sage.
Van Dierendonck, D., & Jacobs, G. (2012). Survivors and Victims, a Meta‐analytical Review of Fairness and Organizational Commitment after Downsizing. British Journal of Management, 23(1), 96-109.
Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 765-802.
Van Knippenberg, D., Van Knippenberg, B., De Cremer, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2004). Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 825-856.
Whitman, D. S., Caleo, S., Carpenter, N. C., Horner, M. T., & Bernerth, J. B. (2012). Fairness at the collective level: A meta-analytic examination of the consequences and boundary conditions of organizational justice climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 776.
Wu Li, Z., A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Decoding the meaning of factorial invariance and updating the practice of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis: A demonstration with TIMSS data. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 12(3), 1–26. Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=12&n=3.
Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 285-305.
พนิดา ทองเงา. (2548). ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความยุติธรรมภายในองค์การ การรับรูพฤติกรรมการเป็นสมาชิกที่ดีขององค์การ และการรับรู้คุณภาพการบริการ. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวชิาจิตวทิยาอุตสาหกรรมและ องคก์าร. มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์
ภัทรนฤน พันธุ์สีดา. (2543). ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความยุติธรรมในองค์การกับพฤติกรรมการเป็นสมาชิกที่ดีขององค์การ: ศึกษากรณีพนักงานระดับปฏิบัติการในองค์การของรัฐแห่งหนึ่ง. วิทยานิพนธ์ศิลปศาสรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาจิตวิทยาอุสาหกรรมและองค์การ.มหาวิทยาลัยธรรม-ศาสตร์.
ยุวดี ศิริยทรัพย์.(2553). ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้การสนับสนุนจากองค์การความยุติธรรมในองค์การและพฤติกรรมการเป็นสมาชิกที่ดีขององค์การของบุคลากรมหาวิทยาลัยในกำกับของรัฐ กรณีศึกษา : มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา, มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา. วิทานิพนธ์การจัดการมหาบัณฑิต สาขาการจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์, คณะวิทยาการจัดการและการท่องเที่ยว มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in experimental social psychology, 2(267-299).
Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations: Sage.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations: Free Press; Collier Macmillan.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact: Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public administration quarterly, 112-121.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership: Psychology Press.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. Research on negotiation in organizations, 1(1), 43-55.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life: Transaction Publishers.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assising model fit (K. Bollen & J. S. Long Eds.). New bury Park, CA Sage.
Cho, J., & Dansereau, F. (2010). Are transformational leaders fair? A multi-level study of transformational leadership, justice perceptions, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), 409-421.
Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., & Nord, W. R. (1996). Handbook of organization studies: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321.
Colquitt, J., Greenberg, J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). What is organizational justice? A historical overview. In J. Greenberg & J. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Justice (pp. 3-56). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimentionality of organizational justice:A construct validity of a measure. . Jouranal of Applied Psycholoty, 86, 386-400.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425.
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Judge, T. A., & Shaw, J. C. (2006). Justice and personality: Using integrative theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(1), 110-127. doi:http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.09.001
Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit‐level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
Gordon, S. (2002). Pattern recognition receptors: doubling up for the innate immune response. Cell, 111(7), 927-930.
Greenberg, J. (1993). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54(1), 81-103.
Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. (2003). Behaviour in Organisations, (8 ed.): Prentice Hall.
Guangling, W. (2011). The Study on Relationship between Employees’ Sense of Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Private Enterprises. Energy Procedia, 5(0), 2030-2034. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.350
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres. 2007.07.032
Hair, F., JR., J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multilvariate Data Analysis. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hellriegel, D., & Slocum Jr, W. (2004). Organizational Behavior: Thomson.
Hox, J. j., Maas, C. J. M., & Brinkhuis, M. J. S. (2010). The effect of estimation mehthod and sample size in multilevel structural equation modeling. Statistica Neerlandica, 64(2), 157-170. doi:10.1111/j.467-9574.2009.00445.x
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis : Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(11), 1-55.
Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: evidence that structural e-quations models perform better than regressions. Journal of consumer Psychology, 17(2), 140-154.
Jamaludin, Z. (2009). Perceived Organizational Justice And Its Impact To The Development Of Commitments: A Regression Analysis. World Journal of Management, 1(1), 49–61.
James, W. (1980). Priciples of psychology. New York: Holt.
Kidwell, R. E., Mossholder, K. W., & Bennett, N. (1997). Cohesiveness and organizational citizenship behavior: A multilevel analysis using work groups and individuals. Journal of Management, 23(6), 775-793.
Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2001). Organisational behaviour. 5th international ed. Maiden head: McGraw-Hill, 223.
Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? : Springer.
Loi, R., Ngo, H. Y., & Foley, S. (2006). Linking employees’ justice perceptions to organizational commitment and intention to leave: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(1), 101-120.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391
Naumann, S. E., & Bennett, N. (2000). A case for procedural justice climate: Development and test of a multilevel model. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 881-889.
Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556.
Organ, D. W. (1987). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Massacusetts: Lexinton.
Organ, D. W. (1988). A restatement of the satisfaction-performance hypothesis. Journal of Management, 14(4), 547-557.
Organ, D. W., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Cognitive versus affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 157.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKensie, S. B. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. Sage Publication: Thousands Oaks.
Piaget, J. (1946). La information du symble chez I'enfant. Paris: Delachaux & Niestle.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698.
Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (1994). Consumer Behvior (5 ed.). New Jerwey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Biginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. New Jersey. Wawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. (2012). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Applied Multilevel Analysis (2 ed.). Thosand Oaks, California: Sage.
Van Dierendonck, D., & Jacobs, G. (2012). Survivors and Victims, a Meta‐analytical Review of Fairness and Organizational Commitment after Downsizing. British Journal of Management, 23(1), 96-109.
Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 765-802.
Van Knippenberg, D., Van Knippenberg, B., De Cremer, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2004). Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 825-856.
Whitman, D. S., Caleo, S., Carpenter, N. C., Horner, M. T., & Bernerth, J. B. (2012). Fairness at the collective level: A meta-analytic examination of the consequences and boundary conditions of organizational justice climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 776.
Wu Li, Z., A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Decoding the meaning of factorial invariance and updating the practice of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis: A demonstration with TIMSS data. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 12(3), 1–26. Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=12&n=3.
Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 285-305.
