Factors Affecting Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Passenger Car Plant Employees in Thailand
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Keywords:
Job Satisfaction Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational Commitment Organizational Justice
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Abstract
Research objectives were to determine the conceptual framework and to develop the causal model of factors affecting organizational citizenship behavior of passenger car manufacturing plant employees in Thailand. The study reported the responses of 672 operational employees from 14 passenger car manufacturing plants operating in different parts of Thailand. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS (version 11.5), tested with confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the heterogeneity of all constructs, and assessed with path analysis to test the cause and effect relationships among main constructs of the study using LISREL (version 8) with a structured questionnaire containing standard scales of organizational justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior to determine the relationships of organizational justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. Research findings indicate that dimensions of organizational justice, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment have moderated the positive effects on organizational citizenship behavior. Job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational commitment fully mediates the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, job satisfaction is positively related to organizational commitment.
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References
Ackfeldt, A. L. and Coote, L. V. (2005) A study of organizational citizenship behaviors in a retail setting. Journal of Business Research, 58(2): 151-159.
Adams, J. S. (1963) Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5): 422-436.
Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1990) The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of OccupationalPsychology, 63(1): 1-18.
Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: an examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3): 252-276.
Andersson-Straberg, T., Sverke, M., and Hellgren, J. (2007) Perceptions of justice in connection with individualized pay setting. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 28(3): 431-464.
Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi, Y. (1988) On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1): 74-94.
Bateman, T. S. and Organ, D. W. (1983) Job satisfaction and the good soldier. The relationship between affect and employee “citizenship”. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4): 587-595.
Becker, T. E. and Billings, R. S. (1993) Profiles of commitment: an empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2): 177-190.
Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., and Stinglhamber, L. (2005) The role of change in the relationship between commitment and turnover: a latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3): 468-482.
Bogler, R. (2001) The influence of leadership style on teacher job satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5): 662-683.
Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B., and Wood, J. (2007) The relationship of facet of salesperson job satisfaction with affective organization commitment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22(5): 311-321.
Borman, W. C. and Motowidlo, S. J. (1997) Task performance and contextual performance: the meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2): 99-109.
Bukhari, Z. U. and Ali, U. (2009) Relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior in geographical context of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(1): 85-42.
Chen, Y. J., Lin, C. C., Tung, Y. C., and Ko, Y. T. (2008) Associations of organizational justice and ingratiation with organizational citizenship behavior: The beneficiary perspective. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(3): 289-302.
Chiboiwa, M. W., Chipunza, C., and Samuel, M. O. (2011) Evaluation of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: Case study of selected organizations in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7): 2910-2918.
Cohen, A. (2006) The relationship between multiple commitments and organizational citizenship behavior in Arab and Jewish culture. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1): 105-118.
Cole, M. and Cole, L. (1999) Trust: an integral contributor of managerial success. Supervision, 60(10): 3-4.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001) On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3): 386-400.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., and Ng, K. Y. (2001) Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3): 425-445.
Cooper-Hakim, A. and Viswesvaran, C. (2005) The construct of work commitment: testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2): 241-259.
Cottringer, W. (1999) Managing Fairness. Executive Excellence, 16(10): 13.
Currivan, D. B. (1999) The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4): 495-524.
Demby, E. R. (2004) Do your family-friendly programs make cents?. HR Magazine, 49(1): 75-79.
Desimone, R. L., Werner, J. M., and Harris, D. M. (2002) Human Resource Development. Mason, OH: Thompson-Southwestern.
Dietz, J., Robinson, S. L., Folger, R., Baron, R. A., and Schulz, M. (2003) The Impact of Community Violence and an Organization’s Procedural Justice Climate on Workplace Aggression. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3): 317-326.
Dinham, S. and Scott, C. (2000) Moving into the third, outer domain of teacher satisfaction. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(4): 379-396.
Dunham, R., Grube, J., and Castaneda, M. (1994) Organizational commitment, the utility of an Integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3): 370-380.
Farrel, D. (1983) Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: a multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4): 586-607.
Fogarty, T. (1994) Public accounting experience: the influence of demographic and organizational attributes. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(7): 12-20.
George, J. M. and Brief, A. P. (1992) Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2): 310-329.
Golparvar, M. and Javadian, A. (2012) The model of relation between psychological contracts, commitment and satisfaction with expectancy from organization and unethical behaviors with considering the role of protest opportunity. Journal of Psychological Models and Approaches (in press).
Gonzalez, J. V. and Garazo, T. G. (2006) Structural relationships between organizational service orientation, contact employee job satisfaction and citizenship behavior. International Journal of Service Industrial Management, 17(1): 23-50.
Graham, J. W. (1991) An essay on organizational citizenship behavior. Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, 4(4): 249-270.
Greenberg, J. (1990) Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2): 399-432.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., and Gaertner, S. (2000) Meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3): 463-488.
Hackett, R. D. (1989) Work attitudes and employee absenteeism: a synthesis of the literature. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62(3): 235-248.
Hackett, R. D., Lapierre, L. M., and Hausdorf, P. A. (2001) Understanding the links between work commitment constructs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(3): 392-413.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., and Black, W. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hom, P. W. and Kinicki, A. J. (2001) Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 975-987.
Ilies, R., Scott, B. A., and Judge, T. A. (2006) The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intra-individual patterns of citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3): 561-575.
Iverson, R. D. and Roy, P. (1994) A causal model of behavioural commitment: evidence from a Study of Australian blue-collar employees. Journal of Management, 20(1): 15-41.
Joreskorg, K. and Sorbom, D. (1993) LISREL 8: User’s Reference Guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International. Judge, T. A. and Colquitt, J. A. (2004) Organizational Justice and Stress: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3): 395-404.
Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., and Mainous, A. G. (1988) Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: an integrative model. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3): 599-627.
Samuel, N., Peter, S., and Eddie, D. (2006) Tranformational and Transactional Leadership Effects on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Primary Schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2): 145-177.
Sanchez, P. (1999) How to craft successful employee communication in the information age. Communication World, 16(7): 9-15.
Schaubroek, J., May, D. R., and Brown, W. (1994) Procedural Justice and Employee Reactions to Economic Hardship: A Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3): 455-460.
Schnake, M. (1991) Organizational citizenship: A review, proposed model, and research agenda. Human Relations, 44(7): 735-759.
Sharma, J. P., Bajpai, N., and Holani, U. (2011) Organizational citizenship behavior in public and private sector and its impact on job satisfaction: A comparative study in Indian perspective. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1): 67-75.
Simons, T. and Roberson, Q. (2003) Why managers care about fairness: The effects of aggregate justice perceptions on organizational outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3):432-443.
Skarlicki, D. P. and Folger, R. (1997) Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3): 434-443.
Skarlicki, D. P., Barclay, L., and Pugh, S. D. (2008) When explanations are not enough: Employer integrity as a moderator of the relationship between organizational justice are retaliation. Journal of Organizational and Occupational Psychology, 81(1): 123-146.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., and Near, J. P. (1983) Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4): 653-663.
Somers, M. (1995) Organizational commitment, turnover and absenteeism: an examination of direct and indirect effects. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 16(1): 49-58.
Spector, P. E. (1997) Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Steers, R. M. (1977) Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment. AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 22(1): 46-56.
Steers, R. M. and Porter, L. W. (1983) Motivation and Work Behavior.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sweeney, J. T. and Quirin, J. J. (2008) Accountants as layoff survivors: A research note. Accounting,Organizations and Society, 34(6/7): 787-795.
Tang, L. and Sarsfield-Baldwin, L. (1996) Distributive and procedural justice as related to satisfaction and commitment. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 61(3): 25-31.
Taunton, R., Krampitz, S., and Wood, C. (1989) Manager impact on retention of hospital staff, Part 1. Journal of Nursing Administration, 19(3): 14-19.
Tremblay, M. and Roussel, P. (2001) Modelling the role of organizational justice: Effects on satisfaction and unionization propensity of Canadian managers. International Journalof Human Resource Management, 12(5): 717-737.
Tziner, A. (2006) A revised model of work adjustment, work attitudes, and work behavior. Review of Business Research, 6: 34-40.
Valez, G. V. (1972) A study of faculty satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the intrinsic and extrinsic job factors in Columbia University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 33(3): 997-A.
Vandenberg, R. J. and Lance, C. E. (1992) Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management, 18(1): 153-167.
Van Scotter, J. R. (2000) Relationships of task performance and contextual performance with turnover, job satisfaction, and affective commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1): 79-95.
Wanberg, C. R., Bunce, L. W., and Gavin, M. B. (1999) Perceived Fairness of Layoffs among Individuals who have been laid off: A longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 52(1): 59-84.
WeiBo, A., Kaur, S., and Jun, W. (2010) New development of organizational commitment: A critical review (1960-2009). African Journal of Business Management, 4(1): 12-20.
Weiss, H. (2002) Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2): 173-194.
Williams, L. J. and Hazer, J. T. (1986) Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2): 219-231.
Yamane, T. (1970) Statistics – An Introductory Analysis. Tokyo: John Weatherhill.
Yousef, D. A. (2000) Organizational commitment: A mediator of the relationships of leadership behavior with job satisfaction and performance in a non-western country. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(1): 6-28.
Zhou, J. and George, J. M. (2001) When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 31.
Adams, J. S. (1963) Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5): 422-436.
Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1990) The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of OccupationalPsychology, 63(1): 1-18.
Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: an examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3): 252-276.
Andersson-Straberg, T., Sverke, M., and Hellgren, J. (2007) Perceptions of justice in connection with individualized pay setting. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 28(3): 431-464.
Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi, Y. (1988) On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1): 74-94.
Bateman, T. S. and Organ, D. W. (1983) Job satisfaction and the good soldier. The relationship between affect and employee “citizenship”. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4): 587-595.
Becker, T. E. and Billings, R. S. (1993) Profiles of commitment: an empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2): 177-190.
Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., and Stinglhamber, L. (2005) The role of change in the relationship between commitment and turnover: a latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3): 468-482.
Bogler, R. (2001) The influence of leadership style on teacher job satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5): 662-683.
Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B., and Wood, J. (2007) The relationship of facet of salesperson job satisfaction with affective organization commitment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22(5): 311-321.
Borman, W. C. and Motowidlo, S. J. (1997) Task performance and contextual performance: the meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2): 99-109.
Bukhari, Z. U. and Ali, U. (2009) Relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior in geographical context of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(1): 85-42.
Chen, Y. J., Lin, C. C., Tung, Y. C., and Ko, Y. T. (2008) Associations of organizational justice and ingratiation with organizational citizenship behavior: The beneficiary perspective. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(3): 289-302.
Chiboiwa, M. W., Chipunza, C., and Samuel, M. O. (2011) Evaluation of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: Case study of selected organizations in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7): 2910-2918.
Cohen, A. (2006) The relationship between multiple commitments and organizational citizenship behavior in Arab and Jewish culture. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1): 105-118.
Cole, M. and Cole, L. (1999) Trust: an integral contributor of managerial success. Supervision, 60(10): 3-4.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001) On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3): 386-400.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., and Ng, K. Y. (2001) Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3): 425-445.
Cooper-Hakim, A. and Viswesvaran, C. (2005) The construct of work commitment: testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2): 241-259.
Cottringer, W. (1999) Managing Fairness. Executive Excellence, 16(10): 13.
Currivan, D. B. (1999) The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4): 495-524.
Demby, E. R. (2004) Do your family-friendly programs make cents?. HR Magazine, 49(1): 75-79.
Desimone, R. L., Werner, J. M., and Harris, D. M. (2002) Human Resource Development. Mason, OH: Thompson-Southwestern.
Dietz, J., Robinson, S. L., Folger, R., Baron, R. A., and Schulz, M. (2003) The Impact of Community Violence and an Organization’s Procedural Justice Climate on Workplace Aggression. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3): 317-326.
Dinham, S. and Scott, C. (2000) Moving into the third, outer domain of teacher satisfaction. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(4): 379-396.
Dunham, R., Grube, J., and Castaneda, M. (1994) Organizational commitment, the utility of an Integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3): 370-380.
Farrel, D. (1983) Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: a multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4): 586-607.
Fogarty, T. (1994) Public accounting experience: the influence of demographic and organizational attributes. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(7): 12-20.
George, J. M. and Brief, A. P. (1992) Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2): 310-329.
Golparvar, M. and Javadian, A. (2012) The model of relation between psychological contracts, commitment and satisfaction with expectancy from organization and unethical behaviors with considering the role of protest opportunity. Journal of Psychological Models and Approaches (in press).
Gonzalez, J. V. and Garazo, T. G. (2006) Structural relationships between organizational service orientation, contact employee job satisfaction and citizenship behavior. International Journal of Service Industrial Management, 17(1): 23-50.
Graham, J. W. (1991) An essay on organizational citizenship behavior. Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, 4(4): 249-270.
Greenberg, J. (1990) Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2): 399-432.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., and Gaertner, S. (2000) Meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3): 463-488.
Hackett, R. D. (1989) Work attitudes and employee absenteeism: a synthesis of the literature. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62(3): 235-248.
Hackett, R. D., Lapierre, L. M., and Hausdorf, P. A. (2001) Understanding the links between work commitment constructs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(3): 392-413.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., and Black, W. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hom, P. W. and Kinicki, A. J. (2001) Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 975-987.
Ilies, R., Scott, B. A., and Judge, T. A. (2006) The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intra-individual patterns of citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3): 561-575.
Iverson, R. D. and Roy, P. (1994) A causal model of behavioural commitment: evidence from a Study of Australian blue-collar employees. Journal of Management, 20(1): 15-41.
Joreskorg, K. and Sorbom, D. (1993) LISREL 8: User’s Reference Guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International. Judge, T. A. and Colquitt, J. A. (2004) Organizational Justice and Stress: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3): 395-404.
Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., and Mainous, A. G. (1988) Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: an integrative model. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3): 599-627.
Samuel, N., Peter, S., and Eddie, D. (2006) Tranformational and Transactional Leadership Effects on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Primary Schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2): 145-177.
Sanchez, P. (1999) How to craft successful employee communication in the information age. Communication World, 16(7): 9-15.
Schaubroek, J., May, D. R., and Brown, W. (1994) Procedural Justice and Employee Reactions to Economic Hardship: A Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3): 455-460.
Schnake, M. (1991) Organizational citizenship: A review, proposed model, and research agenda. Human Relations, 44(7): 735-759.
Sharma, J. P., Bajpai, N., and Holani, U. (2011) Organizational citizenship behavior in public and private sector and its impact on job satisfaction: A comparative study in Indian perspective. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1): 67-75.
Simons, T. and Roberson, Q. (2003) Why managers care about fairness: The effects of aggregate justice perceptions on organizational outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3):432-443.
Skarlicki, D. P. and Folger, R. (1997) Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3): 434-443.
Skarlicki, D. P., Barclay, L., and Pugh, S. D. (2008) When explanations are not enough: Employer integrity as a moderator of the relationship between organizational justice are retaliation. Journal of Organizational and Occupational Psychology, 81(1): 123-146.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., and Near, J. P. (1983) Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4): 653-663.
Somers, M. (1995) Organizational commitment, turnover and absenteeism: an examination of direct and indirect effects. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 16(1): 49-58.
Spector, P. E. (1997) Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Steers, R. M. (1977) Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment. AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 22(1): 46-56.
Steers, R. M. and Porter, L. W. (1983) Motivation and Work Behavior.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sweeney, J. T. and Quirin, J. J. (2008) Accountants as layoff survivors: A research note. Accounting,Organizations and Society, 34(6/7): 787-795.
Tang, L. and Sarsfield-Baldwin, L. (1996) Distributive and procedural justice as related to satisfaction and commitment. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 61(3): 25-31.
Taunton, R., Krampitz, S., and Wood, C. (1989) Manager impact on retention of hospital staff, Part 1. Journal of Nursing Administration, 19(3): 14-19.
Tremblay, M. and Roussel, P. (2001) Modelling the role of organizational justice: Effects on satisfaction and unionization propensity of Canadian managers. International Journalof Human Resource Management, 12(5): 717-737.
Tziner, A. (2006) A revised model of work adjustment, work attitudes, and work behavior. Review of Business Research, 6: 34-40.
Valez, G. V. (1972) A study of faculty satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the intrinsic and extrinsic job factors in Columbia University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 33(3): 997-A.
Vandenberg, R. J. and Lance, C. E. (1992) Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management, 18(1): 153-167.
Van Scotter, J. R. (2000) Relationships of task performance and contextual performance with turnover, job satisfaction, and affective commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1): 79-95.
Wanberg, C. R., Bunce, L. W., and Gavin, M. B. (1999) Perceived Fairness of Layoffs among Individuals who have been laid off: A longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 52(1): 59-84.
WeiBo, A., Kaur, S., and Jun, W. (2010) New development of organizational commitment: A critical review (1960-2009). African Journal of Business Management, 4(1): 12-20.
Weiss, H. (2002) Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2): 173-194.
Williams, L. J. and Hazer, J. T. (1986) Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2): 219-231.
Yamane, T. (1970) Statistics – An Introductory Analysis. Tokyo: John Weatherhill.
Yousef, D. A. (2000) Organizational commitment: A mediator of the relationships of leadership behavior with job satisfaction and performance in a non-western country. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(1): 6-28.
Zhou, J. and George, J. M. (2001) When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 31.