Variances in Student Motivation and Educators’ and School Leaders’ Tactics to Motivate: An Integrative Literature

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Mahmoud Moussa

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to identify gaps inmotivational literature in Thailand and, subsequently, to provide somerecommendations for further studies to fill these gaps. While it was acolossal task to review the voluminous research publications on studentmotivation, the author presented several major theories of motivationand research findings meant to capture development in this field of study.The motivation theories covered in this paper are, as follows: the ERGtheory; Herzberg’s two-factor approach; the universalist assumptionversus the assumption of content and process; achievement motivationtheory; expectancy theory; equity theory of motivation; acquired needstheory; reinforcement theory: a noncognitive theory of motivation; socialmotivation, instrumental motivation, and achievement motivation; JohnBiggs theory of motivation; and the expectancy-valence theory. This paperattempts to identify issues untracked in motivation literature and offerssome recommendations that could be traced and filled by further studies.

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