The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic conditions for households in Jambi city, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest shock the world has experienced, Indonesia in particular. This pandemic has had various negative impacts on both the health and socio-economic sectors. This study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic conditions as well as household food security and analyzes families’ economic coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jambi City. The primary data comes from household surveys in Jambi City. This research uses a quantitative-qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The quantitative approach uses descriptive statistical tools. A qualitative approach is used to analyze the in-depth interview results. The research results found that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on various areas of people's lives, including economic, social, cultural, and religious domains, as well as food security. 13.27 percent of the 196 household heads lost their job. Furthermore, 8.67 percent were compelled to change jobs/businesses to lower-paying ones. Almost a third (31.93 percent) of those still working have had their working hours reduced, and nearly three-quarters (74.27 percent) have had their income reduced by 34.48 percent. Regarding socio-cultural and religious aspects, 76.75 percent stated that they try to cut down on numerous daily activities. 68.37 percent of households have an energy consumption deficiency based on food security, while 46.43 percent have a protein consumption shortfall. On the other hand, households mostly cut back expenses rather than generating more income as their economic coping strategy. This strategy decreases the quality of life in the community. As a result, a government policy that provides direct cash assistance to affected households to maintain their quality of life is required. Community groups should handle the assistance to purchase nutritious food items and enhance household food security. Furthermore, the government can provide business capital support to those who have lost their employment, followed by company management assistance so that the established firms can operate effectively.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All rights reserved. Apart from citations for the purposes of research, private study, or criticism and review,no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any other form without prior written permission by the publisher.
References
Adriani, M. and Wirjatmadi, B. (2012). Pengantar Gizi Masyarakat. Jakarta: Kencana.
Ali, S. A., Baloch, M., Ahmed, N., Arshad Ali, A. and Iqbal, A. (2020). The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat. Journal of Infection and Public Health 13(4): 644-646.
Allen, J. O., Zebrack, B., Wittman, D., Hammelef, K. and Morris, A. M. (2014). Expanding the NCCN guidelines for distress management: A model of barriers to the use of coping resources. The Journal of Community and Supportive Oncology 12(8): 271-277.
Amare, M., Abay, K. A., Tiberti, L. and Chamberlin, J. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security: Panel Data Evidence from Nigeria. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1956. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Apolone, G., Montomoli, E., Manenti, A., Boeri, M., Sabia, F., Hyseni, I., Mazzini, L., Martinuzzi, D., Cantone, L., Milanese, G., Sestini, S., Suatoni, P., Marchianò, A., Bollati, V., Sozzi, G. and Pastorino, U. (2020). Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the prepandemic period in Italy. Tumori Journal 107(5): 446-451.
Aziz, N. A., Othman, J., Lugova, H. and Suleiman, A. (2020). Malaysia's approach in handling COVID-19 onslaught: Report on the Movement Control Order (MCO) and targeted screening to reduce community infection rate and impact on public health and economy. Journal of Infection and Public Health 13(12): 1823-1829.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2020). Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia Agustus 2020: Berita Resmi Statistik. Jakarta: BPS.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2021a). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Triwulan IV-2020: Berita Resmi Statistik. Jakarta: BPS.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2021b). Profil Kemiskinan di Indonesia September 2020: Berita Resmi Statistik. Jakarta: BPS.
Bauza, V., Sclar, G. D., Bisoyi, A., Owens, A., Ghugey, A. and Clasen, T. (2021). Experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in Rural Odisha, India: Knowledge, preventative actions, and impacts on daily life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(6): 2863.
Belachew, T., Lindstrom, D., Gebremariam, A., Hogan, D. and Lachat, C. (2013). Food insecurity, food based coping strategies and suboptimal dietary practices of adolescents in Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 8(3): e57643.
Bollido, M. (2020). Economic security assessment of San Jorge, Samar, Philippines, as it experiences Coronavirus. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 9(4): 131-134.
Bukari, C., Essilfie, G. Aning-Agyei, M. A., Otoo, I. C., Kyeremeh, C. Owusu, A. A. Amuquandoh, K. F. and Bukari, K. I. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on poverty and living standards in Ghana: A micro-perspective. Cogent Economics & Finance 9(1): 1879716.
Chattu, V. K. and Yaya, S. (2020). Emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks: Implications for women’s reproductive health and rights in resource-poor settings. Reproductive Health 17: 43.
Chen, J., Cheng, Z., Gong, K. and Li, J. (2020). Riding Out the COVID-19 Storm: How Government Policies Affect SMEs in China. [Online URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3660232] accessed on December 12, 2020.
Damanpour, F., Sanchez-Henriquez, F. and Chiu, H.H. (2018). Internal and external sources and the adoption of innovations in organizations. British Journal of Management 29(4): 712-730.
Dang, A. K., Le, X. T. T., Le, H. T., Tran, B. X., Do, T. T. T., Phan, H. T. B. and Ho, R. C. M. (2020). Evidence of COVID-19 impacts on occupations during the first Vietnamese national lockdown. Annals of Global Health 86(1): 112.
Departemen Pertanian RI. (1996). Laporan Lokakarya Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga. Jakarta: Departemen Pertanian RI.
Dong, L. and Bouey, J. (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 26(7): 1616-1618.
Enriquez, D. and Goldstein, A. (2020). COVID-19’s socioeconomic impact on low-income benefit recipients: Early evidence from tracking surveys. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6: 1-17.
Ferguson, N. M., Laydon, D., Nedjati Gilani, G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunuba Perez, Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Dighe, A., Dorigatti, I., Fu, H., Gaythorpe, K., Green, W., Hamlet, A., Hinsley, W., Okell, L., Van Elsland, S., Thompson, H., Verity, R., Volz, E., Wangm H., Wang, Y., Walker, P., Walters, C., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Donnelly, C., Riley, S. and Ghani, A. (2020). Report 9: Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand. [Online URL: https://doi.org/10.25561/77482] accessed on November 14, 2020.
Friedman, J. (1998). Family Nursing: Theory and Practice. 3rd ed. California: Appleton & Lange.
Groth, A., Dumas, P., Ghil, M. and Hallegatte, S. (2012). Impacts of Natural Disasters on a Dynamic Economy. [Online URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2166719] accessed on December 15, 2020.
Hand, L. E., Hicks, R. E. and Bahr, M. (2015). Relationships among transformational and transactional leadership styles, role pressures, stress levels, and coping resources in senior Queensland catholic education executives. Review of Business Research 15(1): 43-54.
Hardinsyah, H. and Roedjito, D. (1986). Kualitas Konsumsi Pangan Penduduk Jawa Barat menurut Status Ekonomi dan Wilayah. Paper presented at Third National Symposium on Food and Nutrition, Semarang: PERGIZI PANGAN Indonesia. 1986.
Hasan, H. (1995). Aku Cinta Makanan Indonesia dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan. Paper presented at Kongres Nasional Persagi X, Bandung: PERSAGI. November 21-23.
Hirvonen, K., Abate, G. T. and de Brauw, A. (2020). Food and nutrition security in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia during COVID-19 pandemic: May 2020 Report. ESSP Working Paper 143. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Hoehn-Velasco, L., Silverio-Murillo, A. and de la Miyar, J. R. B. (2021). The long downturn: The impact of the great lockdown on formal employment. Journal of Economics and Business 115: 105983.
International Labour Organizations (ILO). (2020). ILO Monitor. COVID-19 and the World of Work. Third Edition: Updated Estimates and Analysis. [Online URL: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743146.pdf] accessed on July 20, 2020.
Kansiime, M. K., Tambo, J. A., Mugambi, I., Bundi, M., Kara, A. and Owuor, C. (2021). COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment. World Development 137: 105199.
Keogh-Brown, M. R., Smith, R. D., Edmunds, J. W. and Beutels, P. (2010). The macroeconomic impact of pandemic influenza: Estimates from models of the United Kingdom, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The European Journal of Health Economics 11(6): 543-554.
Khomsan, A. (2002). Pangan dan Gizi untuk Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada.
Lauren, B., Silver, E., Faye, A., Rogers, A., Woo-Baidal, J., Ozanne, E. and Hur, C. (2021). Predictors of households at risk for food insecurity in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Nutrition 24(12): 3929-3936.
Le, H. T., Lai, A. J. X., Sun, J., Hoang, M. T., Vu, L. G., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, T. H., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C. A., Le, X. T. T., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q. T., Ta, N. T. K., Nguyen, Q. T., Ho, R. C. M. and Ho, C. S. H. (2020). Anxiety and depression among people under the nationwide partial lockdown in Vietnam. Frontier in Public Health 8: 589359.
Maryam, S. (2017). Strategi Coping: Teori dan Sumberdayanya. Jurnal Konseling Andi Matappa 1(2): 101-107.
Maschi, T., Viola, D., Morgen, K. and Koskinen, L. (2015). Trauma, stress, grief, loss, and separation among older adults in prison: the protective role of coping resources on physical and mental well-being. Journal of Crime and Justice 38(1): 113-136.
Maxwell, D. (2001). The coping strategies index: Monitoring food security status in emergencies. Field Exchange 13: 4.
Metcalfe, S. M. (2020). Mesenchymal stem cells and management of COVID-19 pneumonia. Medicine in Drug Discovery 5: 100019.
Notenbaert, A., Karanja, S. N., Herrero, M., Felisberto, M. and Moyo, S. (2013). Derivation of a household-level vulnerability index for empirically testing measures of adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Regional Environment Change 13: 459-470.
Olszewska-Guizzo, A., Fogel, A., Escoffier, N. and Ho R. (2021). Effects of COVID-19-related stay-at-home order on neuropsychophysiological response to urban spaces: Beneficial role of exposure to nature? Journal of Environmental Psychology 75: 101590.
Purnasari, N., Juwitangtyas, T. and Sabarisman, I. (2020). Household food security COVID-19 pandemic in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 4(2): 132-143.
Puspitawati, H. (2012). Gender dan Keluarga: Konsep dan Realita di Indonesia. Bogor: IPB Press.
Rao, D. M., Chernyakhovsky, A. and Rao, V. (2009). Modeling and analysis of global epidemiology of avian influenza. Environmental Modelling and Software 24(1): 124-134.
Rose, A. and Liao, S.Y. (2005). Modeling regional economic resilience to disasters: A computable general equilibrium analysis of water service disruptions. Journal of Regional Science 45(1): 75-112.
Signorelli, C., Scognamiglio, T. and Odone, A. (2020). COVID-19 in Italy: Impact of containment measures and prevalence estimates of infection in the general population. Acta Biomedica 91(3-S): 175-179.
Sorbello, M., El-Boghdadly, K., Di Giacinto, I., Cataldo, R., Esposito, C., Falcetta, S., Merli, G., Cortese, G., Corso, R. M., Bressan, F., Pintaudi, S., Greif, R., Donati, A., Petrini, F. and Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (SIAARTI) Airway Research Group, The European Airway Management Society. (2020). The Italian COVID-19 outbreak: Experiences and recommendations from clinical practice. Anaesthesia 75(6): 724-732.
Suhaimi, A. (2019). Pangan, Gizi dan Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
Sukandar, D. (2007). Studi Sosial Ekonomi Aspek Pangan, Gizi dan Sanitasi Petani Sawah Beririgrasi di Banjar Jawa Barat. Bogor: Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, IPB.
Sunarti, E. (2013). Ketahanan Keluarga. Bogor: IPB Press.
Sunarti, E. and Fitriani. (2010). Kajian Modal Sosial, Dukungan Sosial, dan Ketahanan Keluarga Nelayan di Daerah Rawan Bencana. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen 3(2): 93-100.
Tan, W., Hao, F., McIntyre, R. S., Jiang, L., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, Z., Lai, A., Ho, R., Tran, B., Ho, C. and Tam, W. (2020). Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 87: 84-92.
Tran, B. X., Nguyen, H. T., Le, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Pham, H. Q., Vu, L. G., Le, X., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q. T., Ta, N., Nguyen, Q. T., Ho, C. and Ho, R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on economic well-being and quality of life of the Vietnamese during the national social distancing. Frontiers in Psychology 11: 565153.
Tuwu, D. (2020). Kebijakan pemerintah dalam penanganan pandemi COVID-19. Journal Publicuho 3(2): 267-278.
Walker, P. G. T., Whittaker, C., Watson, O. J., Baguelin, M., Winskill, P., Hamlet, A., Djafaara, B. A., Cucunubá, Z., Mesa, D. O., Green, W., Thompson, H., Nayagam, S., Ainslie, K. E. C., Bhatia, S., Bhatt, S., Boonyasiri, A., Boyd, O., Brazeau, N. F., Cattarino, L., … Ghani, A. C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 and strategies for mitigation and suppression in low and middle-income countries. Science 369(6502): 413-422.
Wang, C., Chudzicka-Czupała, A., Tee, M. L., Núñez, M. I. L., Tripp, C., Fardin, M. A., Habib, H. A., Tran, B. X., Adamus, K., Anlacan, J., García, M. E. A., Grabowski, D., Hussain, S., Hoang, M. T., Hetnał, M., Le, X. T., Ma, W., Pham, H. Q., Reyes, P. W. C.,… Sears, S. F. (2021). A chain mediation model on COVID-19 symptoms and mental health outcomes in Americans, Asians and Europeans. Scientific Reports 11(1): 6481.
World Food Program (WFP). (2020a). COVID-19 Will Double Number of People Facing Food Crises Unless Swift Action is Taken. [Online URL: https://www.wfp.org/news/covid-19-will-double-number-people-facing-food-crises-unless-swift-action-taken] accessed on September 25, 2020.
World Food Program (WFP). (2020b). WFP Global Response to COVID-19: June 2020. [Online URL: https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000117304/download/] accessed on December 8, 2020.
World Bank. (2020). East Asia and Pacific in the Time of COVID-19 (World Bank East Asia and Pacific Update April 2020). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A. and McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 277: 55-64.
Zeitlin, M. and Brown, L. (1990). Household Nutrition Security: A Development Dilemma. Rome: Food Agricultural Organization.
Zhang, Y. and Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(7): 2381.