Lexical Borrowing in English Language Tourism Magazines in Southern Thailand: Linguistic Features of Thai English Words and Users' Perspectives
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Nov 12, 2019
Keywords:
Lexical borrowing linguistic features perspectives Thai English words English language tourism magazines Southern Thailand
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Abstract
Lexical borrowing from non-native English culture partially contributes to the morphological construction of World English words and linguistic diversity. It has been claimed that English words based on Thai are very few because of a lack of Thai-English linguistic and cultural contact in the British/American colonial history. Nevertheless, the power of English in modern Thai media and tourism clearly appears in Thai words borrowed by Thai and foreign writers of tourism magazines because of particular sociolinguistic needs. This study thus aims to analyze and describe the linguistic features of lexical borrowing from Thai in three renowned English language tourism magazines in Phuket and Krabi provinces and Koh Samui district, Surat Thani province, a tourism hub of southern Thailand, to present the magazine editors and writers’ views towards Thai lexical borrowing, and to discuss the extent to which the features as well as the editors and writers’ perspectives reflect Thai English words. It applies textual analysis, semi-structured interview, and an integrated framework of sociolinguistics and World Englishes. The findings show that the six types of lexical borrowing found, namely loanwords, loan blends, loan shifts, loan creation, pronunciation borrowing, and acronyms, as well as the editors and writers’ perceptions provide remarkable linguistic characteristics which mirror an extent of Thai English words in a tourism context.
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References
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Cesarano, G. (2000) Ethnolectal and Sociolectal Creativity in Malaysian Literature with the Reference to the Work of K.S. Maniam. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
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Grant-Russel, P. and Beaudet, C. (1999) Lexical Borrowings from French in Written Quebec English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 6(2): 17-33.
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Kachru, B. B. (1986) The alchemy of English: The spread, functions and models of non-native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
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Lau, M. (1999) Lexical Borrowing in Hong Kong: A Study of the Englishization of Chinese and the Nativitization of English. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Masavisut, N., Sukwiwat, M. and Wongmontha, S. (1986) The Power of the English Language in Thai Media. World Englishes 5(2/3): 197-207.
Mathias, P. (2011) Lexical Innovation and the Use of English in Thai Contexts on Internet Forums. BU Academic Review 10(1): 8-13.
McFarland, C. D. (2009) Linguistic Diversity and English in the Philippines, In Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista and K. Bolton (Eds.), Philppine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives, pp. 131-155. Manila: Anvil.
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Polome, E. C. (1975) Linguistic Borrowing, In V. Olphen and H. Herman (Eds.), Working Papers, 1974 Conference American Council of Teachers of Uncommonly-Taught Asian Languages, pp. 2-14. Texas: Centre for Asian Studies, University of Texas.
Rajashantan, S. S. (2016) Nativization of English by Jaffna Writers. International Journal of Management and Applied Science 2(2): 27-33.
Royal Thai Embassy, Singapore. (2010) What is OTOP? [Online URL: www.thaiembassy.sg/friends-of-thailand/p/what-is-otop] accessed on January 8, 2019.
Rüdiger, S. (2018) Mixed Feelings: Attitudes towards English Loanwords and their Use in South Korea. Open Linguistics 4: 184-198.
Singhasak, P. and Methitham, P. (2016) Non-Native English Varieties: Thainess in English Narratives. English Language Teaching 9(4): 128-138.
Snodin, N. S., Higgins, J. and Yoovathaworn, S. (2017) How Thai Businesses Utilize English in their Product Names. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 38: 123-128.
Stanlaw, J. (1992) English in Japanese Communicative Strategies, In B. B. Kachru (Ed.), The Other Tongues: English across Cultures (2nd edition), pp. 178-208. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Tan, S. I. (2009a) Lexical Borrowing from Chinese Languages in Malaysian English. World Englishes 28(4): 451-484.
Tan, S. I. (2009b) Lexical Borrowing in Malaysian English: Influences of Malay. Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology 3: 11-62.
Trakulkasemsuk, W. (2012) Thai English, In E. L. Low and A. Hashim (Eds.), English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use, pp. 101-111. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Watkhaolarm, P. (2005) Think in Thai, Write in English: Thainess in Thai English Literatures. World Englishes 24(2): 145-158.
Weinreich, U. (1968) Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hauge, Paris: Mouton & Co.
Wong, N. F. W. (1992) A Study of English Loanwords in Selected Malay Short Stories. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Arakwanich, O. (1996) Karn Chai Pasaa Angkrit Nai Pasaa Thai Patchuban (English Used in the Present Thai Language). Journal of Language and Culture 15(2): 28-36.
Bahumaid, S. (2015) Lexical Borrowing: The Case of English Loanwords in Hadhrami Arabic. International Journal of Language and Linguistics 2(6): 13-24.
Baker, W. (2012) English as a Lingua Franca in Thailand: Characterisations and implications, Englishes in Practice: Working Papers of the Centre for Global Englishes 1(1): 18-27.
Bamgbose, A. (1983) Standard Nigerian English: Issues of Identification. In B.B. Kachru (Ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, pp. 99-111. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Bamiro, E. O. (1991) Nigerian Englishes in Nigerian English Literatures. World Englishes 10 (1): 7-17.
Bennui, P. (2015) Thai Words in English Dictionaries. ASEAN Journal of Education 1(1): 149-173.
Bennui, P. (2017) Speaking Tinglish for Professional Communication: A Reflection of Thai English Used by Tour Guides along the Andaman Sea. Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts 17(3): 233-266.
Bennui, P. and Hashim, A. (2013) Lexical Creativity in Thai English Fiction. Kritika Kultura 21/22: 132-163.
Bennui, P. and Hashim, A. (2014) Stylistic Creativity in Thai English Fiction. Asian Englishes 16(2): 80-100.
Bolton, K. (2003) English: The Asian way. Bangkok Post. Septemer 2-8 [Online URL: https://www.bangkokpost.com/education/site2003/cvse0203.htm] accessed on October 10, 2018.
Buang, S. N., Abdul Halim, N. and Rarnakresinin, S. (2008) Malay Lexical Borrowings in Singapore Colloquial English. Journal of Modern Languages 18(1): 143-161.
Buripakdi, A. (2012) On Professional Writing: Thai Writer’s Views on their English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 22(2): 245-264.
Butler, S. (1999) The needs of dictionary users in South-East Asia, In M. Newbrook (Ed.), English is an Asian language: The Thai Context, pp. 80-94. New South Wales: The Macquarie Library.
Cesarano, G. (2000) Ethnolectal and Sociolectal Creativity in Malaysian Literature with the Reference to the Work of K.S. Maniam. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Chamcharatsri, P. B. (2013) Perception of Thai English. Journal of English as an International Language 8(1): 21-36.
Chutisilp, P. (1984) A Sociolinguistic Study of an Additional Language: English in Thailand. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign.
Field, F. W. (2002) Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gao, L. (2001) The Lexical Acculturation of English in the Chinese Context. Studies in the Linguistic Science 31(2): 73-88.
Görlach, M. (1995) More Englishes: New Studies in Varieties of English 1988-1994. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Grant-Russel, P. and Beaudet, C. (1999) Lexical Borrowings from French in Written Quebec English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 6(2): 17-33.
Hall-Lew, L. A. (2002) English Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, the University of Arizona, Arizona.
Haspelmath, M. and Tadmor, U. (2009) The loanword typology project and the world loanword database’. In M. Haspelmath and U. Tadmor (Eds.), Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook, pp. 1-34. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Haugen, E. (1950) The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing, Language 26: 210-231.
Haugen, E. (1953) The Norwegian Language in America, a Study in Bilingual Behaviour (Vol. II). Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Haugen, E. (1972) The Ecology of Language: Essays by Einar Haugen. California: Stanford University Press.
Hock, H. H. (1986) Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berline: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hock, H. H. (2009) Principles of Historical Linguistics (2nd edition). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Jocuns, A. (2018) English in Thai tourism: Global English as a Nexus of Practice, In S. R. Mehta (Ed.), Language and Literature in a Glocal World, pp. 57-76. Singapore: Springer.
Kachru, B. B. (1981) The Pragmatics of Non-Native Varieties of English, In L. Smith (Ed.), English for Cross-Cultural Communication, pp. 15-39. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1983) Indianization of English: The English language in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1986) The alchemy of English: The spread, functions and models of non-native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Karn, S. K. (2012) This Is How I Can Write: Towards Nepalese English Literature. Journal of NELTA 17(1-2): 26-39. [Online URL: www.nepjol.info/index.php/NELTA/article/view/8090] accessed on February 10, 2019.
Klos, P., Maternik, E., Matulewska, A. and Piontek, P. (2006) Translation or non-translation? Borrowings from English in the Polish language of biotechnology. [Online URL: https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/4724/1/05.%20K%C5%82os.pdf] accessed on November 7, 2018.
Lau, M. (1999) Lexical Borrowing in Hong Kong: A Study of the Englishization of Chinese and the Nativitization of English. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Low, E. L. and Brown, A. (2005) English in Singapore: An Introduction. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Makishima, M. (2003) Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy: Southern Thailand, In M. Makishima and S. Suksiriserekul (Eds.), Human Resource Development toward a Knowledge-Based Economy: The Case of Thailand, pp. 269-312. Chiba: Institute of Developing Economies.
Masavisut, N., Sukwiwat, M. and Wongmontha, S. (1986) The Power of the English Language in Thai Media. World Englishes 5(2/3): 197-207.
Mathias, P. (2011) Lexical Innovation and the Use of English in Thai Contexts on Internet Forums. BU Academic Review 10(1): 8-13.
McFarland, C. D. (2009) Linguistic Diversity and English in the Philippines, In Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista and K. Bolton (Eds.), Philppine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives, pp. 131-155. Manila: Anvil.
Ngula, R. S. (2014) Hybridized Lexical Innovations in Ghanaian English. Nordic Journal of African Studies 23(3): 180-200. [Online URL: www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol23num3/ngula.pdf] accessed on December 4, 2008.
Palungdham. (n.d.) Ziamzee Satha Lae Khamchue Un Yao Nan (Ziamzee, Faith, and a Long Belief). [Online URL: www.palungdham.com/t760.html] accessed on January 30, 2019.
Polome, E. C. (1975) Linguistic Borrowing, In V. Olphen and H. Herman (Eds.), Working Papers, 1974 Conference American Council of Teachers of Uncommonly-Taught Asian Languages, pp. 2-14. Texas: Centre for Asian Studies, University of Texas.
Rajashantan, S. S. (2016) Nativization of English by Jaffna Writers. International Journal of Management and Applied Science 2(2): 27-33.
Royal Thai Embassy, Singapore. (2010) What is OTOP? [Online URL: www.thaiembassy.sg/friends-of-thailand/p/what-is-otop] accessed on January 8, 2019.
Rüdiger, S. (2018) Mixed Feelings: Attitudes towards English Loanwords and their Use in South Korea. Open Linguistics 4: 184-198.
Singhasak, P. and Methitham, P. (2016) Non-Native English Varieties: Thainess in English Narratives. English Language Teaching 9(4): 128-138.
Snodin, N. S., Higgins, J. and Yoovathaworn, S. (2017) How Thai Businesses Utilize English in their Product Names. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 38: 123-128.
Stanlaw, J. (1992) English in Japanese Communicative Strategies, In B. B. Kachru (Ed.), The Other Tongues: English across Cultures (2nd edition), pp. 178-208. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Tan, S. I. (2009a) Lexical Borrowing from Chinese Languages in Malaysian English. World Englishes 28(4): 451-484.
Tan, S. I. (2009b) Lexical Borrowing in Malaysian English: Influences of Malay. Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology 3: 11-62.
Trakulkasemsuk, W. (2012) Thai English, In E. L. Low and A. Hashim (Eds.), English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use, pp. 101-111. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Watkhaolarm, P. (2005) Think in Thai, Write in English: Thainess in Thai English Literatures. World Englishes 24(2): 145-158.
Weinreich, U. (1968) Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hauge, Paris: Mouton & Co.
Wong, N. F. W. (1992) A Study of English Loanwords in Selected Malay Short Stories. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.