Genetic Investigation for Tracing and Verifying the Origins of Confiscated Wildlife
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Genetic investigation is an important field of wildlife forensic science that can help investigate evidence and trace the origins of confiscated wildlife. Each species has a specific distribution range by zoogeography. For instance, this includes the Asian elephant, African savanna elephant, African forest elephant, tiger, leopard, and various pangolin species. Therefore, the distribution ranges can be used to help trace the origins of confiscated species. Moreover, genetic data can be used to investigate parent-offspring relationships to verify the origins of captive wildlife as claimed by their owners. In cases of uncertainty, such data can support the accurate and transparent documentation of captive wildlife possession. Therefore, the genetic investigation of wildlife more effectively supports the enforcement of wildlife trade regulations in Thailand, aligning with the intent of the CITES convention.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
เนื้อหาและข้อมูลในบทความที่ลงตีพิมพ์ใน วารสารวิชาการอาชญาวิทยาและนิติวิทยาศาสตร์ โรงเรียนนายร้อยตำรวจ ถิอว่าเป็นข้อคิดเห็นและความรั้บผิดชอบของผู้เขียนบทความโดยตรงซึ่งกองบรรณาธิการวารสาร ไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วยหรือรับผิดชอบใดๆ
บทความ ข้อมูล เนื้อหา รูปภาพ ฯลฯ ที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ใน วารสารวิชาการอาชญาวิทยาและนิติวิทยาศาสตร์ ถือว่าเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร วารสารวิชาการอาชญาวิทยาและนิติวิทยาศาสตร์ หากบุคคลหรือหน่วยงานใดต้องการนำทั้งหมดหรือส่วนหนึ่งส่วนใดไปเผยแพร่ต่อหรือเพื่อกระทำการใดๆ จะต้องได้รับอนุญาตเป็นลายลักษณ์อักษรจาก วารสารวิชาการอาชญาวิทยาและนิติวิทยาศาสตร์ ก่อนเท่านั้น
References
Allberry, K., Rovie-Ryan, J. J., Ali, N. A. N. G., Elias, N. A., Darmaraj, M. R., Wong, C. C. T., Fong, L. C., Smith, O., Mohamed, K. A. B., Mukri, M. I. B. A., Yazid, M. H. B. M., Struebig, M. J., Ogden, R. and Groombridge, J. J. (2024). Emerging patterns of genetic diversity in the critically endangered Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni). Biodiversity and Conservation, 33(4), 1325-1349.
Amorim, A., Pereira, F., Alves, C., and García, O. (2020). Species assignment in forensics and the challenge of hybrids. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 48, 102333.
Ashrifurrahman, A., Simamora, S., Ritonga, R., Novarino, W., Tjong, D. H., Rizaldi, R., Syaifullah, S. and Roesma, D. I. (2022). Sumatran tiger identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the CO1 gene: Molecular forensic application. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(4).
Buddhachat, K., Brown, J. L., Thitaram, C., Klinhom, S., and Nganvongpanit, K. (2017). Distinguishing real from fake ivory products by elemental analyses: A Bayesian hybrid classification method. Forensic Science International, 272, 142-149.
Buddhakosai, W., Klinsawat, W., Smith, O., Sukmak, M., Kaolim, N., Duangchantrasiri, S., Simcharoen, A., Siriaroonrat, B. and Wajjwalku, W. (2016). Mitogenome analysis reveals a complex phylogeographic relationship within the wild tiger population of Thailand. Endangered Species Research, 30, 125-131.
Buel, E., Schwartz, M. B., and LaFountain, M. J. (1998). Capillary electrophoresis STR analysis: comparison to gel-based systems. Journal of forensic sciences, 43(1), 164-170.
C4ADS. (2025). Wildlife Seizure Dashboard. Retrieved January 28, 2025. from https://wildlifedashboard.c4ads.org/.
Carrothers, K. L., Slattengren, N. M., Kuhner, M. K., Brown, T. A., and Spicer, A. M. (2024). Species and origin determinations of an ivory chess set: An application of the ivory workflow implemented by California’s Wildlife Forensic Laboratory. Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments, 5, 100086.
Cartier, L. E., Krzemnicki, M. S., Gysi, M., Lendvay, B., and Morf, N. V. (2020). A Case Study of Ivory Species Identification Using a Combination of Morphological, Gemmological and Genetic Methods. Journal of Gemmology, 37(3).
Castelló, J. R. (2020). Felids and Hyenas of the World: Wildcats, Panthers, Lynx, Pumas, Ocelots, Caracals, and Relatives. Princeton University Press.
Challender, D. W., Heinrich, S., Shepherd, C. R., and Katsis, L. K. (2020). International trade and trafficking in pangolins, 1900–2019. In pangolins (pp. 259-276). Academic Press.
CITES. (2025). Checklist of CITES Species. Retrieved January 28, 2025. from https://checklist.cites.org/#/en.
Copeland, W. C. (2010). The mitochondrial DNA polymerase in health and disease. Genome Stability and Human Diseases, 211-222.
Cota-Larson, R. (2017). Pangolin Species Identification Guide: A Rapid Assessment Tool for Field and Desk. Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development. Bangkok: USAID Wildlife Asia Activity. Retrieved May 20, 2024. from http://www.usaidwildlifeasia.org/resources
Customs. (2020). Monthly Customs Press 6/2563. Retrieved June 1, 2024. from extension://gfdkcfdhglbbcnllmbgkfkfbmnfkncio/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https:/ /www. customs.go.th/data_files/850e9380d7c7b1a96ffca5afc06abd69.pdf. (In Thai).
Department of Fisheries. (n.d.). Processing / Import & Export. Retrieved January 21, 2025. from https://www4.fisheries.go.th/dof/service_item/17/0/21/0/666. (In Thai).
Division of Wild Fauna and Flora Protection under The Convention. (n.d.). Control System under CITES. Retrieved January 28, 2025. from https://portal.dnp.go.th/Content/ citesdnp?contentId=1600. (In Thai).
Ewart, K. M., Lightson, A. L., Sitam, F. T., Rovie-Ryan, J., Nguyen, S. G., Morgan, K. I., Luczon, A., Anadon, E. M. S., Bruyn, M. D., Bourgeois, S., Ouitavon, K., Kotze, A., Bakar, M. S. A., Salgado-Lynn, M. and McEwing, R. (2021). DNA analyses of large pangolin scale seizures: Species identification validation and case studies. Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments, 1, 100014.
Ewart, K. M., Sitam, F. T., Giarat Ali, N. A. N., Ogden, R., Morgan, K. I., Tran, H. M., Bui, T. P. T., Nguyen, T. Q., Nguyen, S. G., Rosli, N., Penchart, K., Ouitavon, K. and McEwing, R. (2024). Tigerbase: A DNA Registration System to Enhance Enforcement and Compliance Testing of Captive Tiger Facilities. Available at SSRN 4825380.
Forest Fire Prevention and Suppression Office. (2015). Receive Notification of Incident. Retrieved June 10, 2024. from https://portal.dnp.go.th/Content/Protectand Firecontrol?contentId=38152. (In Thai)
Gobush, K. S., Edwards, C. T. T, Balfour, D., Wittemyer, G., Maisels, F. and Taylor, R. D. (2021a). Loxodonta africana (amended version of 2021 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T181008073A223031019. Retrieved 4 July, 2024. from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.
Gobush, K. S., Edwards, C. T. T., Maisels, F., Wittemyer, G., Balfour, D. and Taylor, R. D. (2021b). Loxodonta cyclotis (errata version published in 2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T181007989A204404464. Retrieved 4 July, 2024. from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.
Goffette, Q., Suarez Gonzalez, N., Vanmechelen, R., Verheyen, E., and Sonet, G. (2022). Tracking the origin of worked elephant ivory of a medieval chess piece from Belgium through analysis of ancient DNA. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 32(1), 38-48.
Gouda, S., Kerry, R. G., Das, A., and Chauhan, N. S. (2020). Wildlife forensics: a boon for species identification and conservation implications. Forensic Science International, 317, 110530.
Hale, C., Ogden, R., Ciavaglia, S. A., Cook, G. T., Clarke, G., Ogle, S., and Webster, L. M. (2021). Investigating the origins of ivory recovered in the United Kingdom. Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments, 1, 100027.
Hyun, J. Y., Pandey, P., Kim, K. S., Chon, A., Jeong, D., Bhak, J., Yu, M., Song, H. K., Singh, R., Min, M., Goyal, A. P., Bayarkagva, D., Marchenkova, T., Vikalova, A. and Lee, H. (2021). Whole genome survey of big cats (Genus: Panthera) identifies novel microsatellites of utility in conservation genetic study. Scientific reports, 11(1), 14164.
ISAG. (n.d.). Guidelines for standing committees. Retrieved 4 July, 2024. from https://www.isag.us/about.asp.
Ishida, Y., Georgiadis, N. J., Hondo, T., and Roca, A. L. (2013). Triangulating the provenance of African elephants using mitochondrial DNA. Evolutionary Applications, 6(2), 253-265.
IUCN red list. (2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 4 May, 2024. from https://www.iucnredlist.org/.
Jacobson, A. P., Gerngross, P., Lemeris Jr, J. R., Schoonover, R. F., Anco, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Durant, S. M., Farhadinia, M. S., Henschel, P., Kamler, J. F., Laguardia, A., Rostro-García, S., Stein, A. B. and Dollar, L. (2016). Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range. PeerJ, 4, e1974.
Jiang, H. H., Li, B., Ma, Y., Bai, S. Y., Dahmer, T. D., Linacre, A., and Xu, Y. C. (2020). Forensic validation of a panel of 12 SNPs for identification of Mongolian wolf and dog. Scientific reports, 10(1), 13249.
Kanthaswamy, S. (2015). domestic animal forensic genetics–biological evidence, genetic markers, analytical approaches and challenges. Animal genetics, 46(5), 473-484.
Kanthaswamy, S. (2024). Wildlife forensic genetics—Biological evidence, DNA markers, analytical approaches, and challenges. Animal Genetics, 55(2), 177-192.
Kowalczyk, M., Zawadzka, E., Szewczuk, D., Gryzińska, M., and Jakubczak, A. (2018). Molecular markers used in forensic genetics. Medicine, Science and the Law, 58(4), 201-209.
Liu, Y. C., Sun, X., Driscoll, C., Miquelle, D. G., Xu, X., Martelli, P., Uphyrkina, O., Smith, J. L. D., O'Brien, S. j. and Luo, S. J. (2018). Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world’s tigers. Current Biology, 28(23), 3840-3849.
Luo, S. J., Kim, J. H., Johnson, W. E., Walt, J. V. D., Martenson, J., Yuhki, N., Miquelle, D. G., Uphyrkina, O., Goodrich, J. M., Quigley, H. B., Tilson, R., Brady, G., Martilli, P., Subramaniam, V., McDougal, C., Hean, S., Huang, S. Q., Pan, W., Karanth, U. K., Sunquist, M., Smith, J. L. D. and O'Brien, S. J. (2004). Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris). PLoS biology, 2(12), e442.
Mahaliyanaarachchi, V., Randeniya, A., Dheerarathna, R., and Samarakoon, D. (2024). Individual Leopard Identification Using Black Spot Patterns. In 2024 4th International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing (ICARC) (pp. 121-126). IEEE.
Matichon Online. (2023). International Pangolin Scale Gang Arrested, 1,400 Kg of Evidence Seized, Worth Over 50 million Baht. Retrieved June 1, 2024. from https://www.matichon.co.th/news-monitor/news_4133801. (In Thai).
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. (2023). Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: CITES. Retrieved January 28, 2025. From https://fad.mnre.go.th/th/mph/content/217. (In Thai).
Molina, L. K. (n.d.). Former and current tiger subspecies habitat map. Retrieved June 11, 2024. from https://databayou.com/tiger/habitat.html.
Niyomsilpa, S. (2015). Transnational Organized Crime: A Threat to Thailand and ASEAN. Population and Social Diversity in Thailand 2015. June 29, 2015. Nakhon Pathum. (In Thai).
Samaha, G. A. (2021). Advances in felid genetics and genomics. Bachelor of Animal and Veterinary Biosciences (Hons I), The University of Sydney, Australia.
Schütz, E., and Brenig, B. (2015). Analytical and statistical consideration on the use of the ISAG-ICAR-SNP bovine panel for parentage control, using the Illumina BeadChip technology: example on the German Holstein population. Genetics Selection Evolution, 47, 1-7.
Shi, C., Xu, J., Roberts, N. J., Liu, D., and Jiang, G. (2023). Individual automatic detection and identification of big cats with the combination of different body parts. Integrative Zoology, 18(1), 157-168.
Thai PBS. (2017). The First "Wildlife Forensic Science Lab" to Solve Crime Mysteries. Retrieved May 31, 2024. from https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/260569. (In Thai).
Thai PBS. (2022). DNA Results Clearly Show That the Three Tigers in the Evidence Did Not Come from the Thai Forest. Retrieved May 31, 2024. from https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/316532. (In Thai).
Thanakiatkrai, P., Chenphun, C., and Kitpipit, T. (2024). African and Asian elephant ivory discrimination using a portable strip test. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 70, 103027.
TRAFFIC International. (2024). Wildlife trade portal. Retrieved June 16, 2024. from https://wildlifetradeportal.org/dashboard.
Uphyrkina, O., Johnson, W. E., Quigley, H., Miquelle, D., Marker, L., Bush, M., and O'Brien, S. J. (2001). Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular ecology, 10(11), 2617-2633.
Williams, C., Tiwari, S. K., Goswami, V. R., de Silva, S., Kumar, A., Baskaran, N., Yoganand, K. and Menon, V. (2020). Elephas maximus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T7140A45818198. Retrieved July 4, 2024. from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en.
WWF. (2022). Illegal Wildlife Trade. Retrieved January 31, 2025. from https://www.wwf.sg/nature-biodiversity/illegal-wildlife-trade/.
Zhao, X., Qiu, Q., Li, C., Fu, D., Hu, X., Gao, S., Zhu, Y., Mu, H., Wang, R., Yang, H. and Li, B. (2020). Genome-based development of 15 microsatellite markers in fluorescent multiplexes for parentage testing in captive tigers. PeerJ, 8, e8939.
