The Effectiveness of Psycho-Behavioral science training on promoting prosocial behavior of secondary school students
Keywords:
experimental study, prosocial behavior, psycho-behavioral science, sportsmanship, moral reasoningAbstract
The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the effectiveness of integrated psychological training for secondary school students on their prosocial behavior enhancement. The study employed a 2 by 2 factorial design. There were two types of training: 1) sportsmanship training, and 2) moral reasoning training. Samples of this study were 120 students from Suphanburi sports school. The students were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups receiving other type of training. Immediately after training, psychological measures, and behavior test were administered to all students. Two months after training, there were repeated measures. Assessments used in this study were in the form of summated rating scales. The items of each questionnaire were carefully selected based on several statistical criteria: item discrimination and item-total correlation. Reliability in terms of alpha coefficient was computed for each measure range from 0.84 to 0.87. A statistical procedure used to test the hypotheses was Multivariate analysis of covariance. The result showed that, when compared with the other groups, the 100% trained group was more superior in prosocial behavior assessed immediately after training, and 2 months after training. The effectiveness of the psychological training was clearly evident. According to the results in this experiment, important policy recommendations are given. School should promote the integrated psychological training on sportsmanship and moral reasoning to promote prosocial behavior of secondary school students.
References
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In T. Millon, M. J. Lerner, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology and Social Psychology (Vol 5, pp. 463-484). John Wiley & Sons.
Bhanthumnavin, D. (2006). Kānwičhai phư̄a kānphatthanā: Honthāng sū khwāmsamret khō̜ng nakphatthana [Research for development: The way to success for developers]. Journal of Social Development, 8(1), 1-40.
Bhanthumnavin, D. (1995). Thritsadī tonmai čhariyatham: Kānwičhai læ kānphatthanā bukkhon [Psychological Theory of Moral and Work Behavior]. National Institute of Development Administration.
Bhanthumnavin, D., & Makanong, A. (2009). Rāingān kānwičhai kān fưk ʻoprom čhit laksana læ thaksa bǣp būranākān thī mī phon tō̜ phrưttikamkān phatthanā nakrīan khō̜ng khrū khanittasāt nai radap matthayommasưksā tō̜n ton [Integrated Psychological and Skill Training Affecting Student-Developing Behaviors of Secondary School Mathematics Teachers] (Research report). National Research Council of Thailand.
Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., Zamboanga, B. L., & Hernandez-Jarvis, L. (2010). The multidimensionality of prosocial behaviors and evidence of measurement equivalence in Mexican American and European American early adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(2), 334-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00637.x
Carlo, G., Streit, C., & Crockett, L. (2018). Generalizability of a traditional social cognitive model of prosocial behaviors to U.S. Latino/a youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(4), 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000188
Courel-Ibanez, J., Sanchez-Alcaraz, B. J., Gomez-Marmol, A., Valero-Valenzuela, A., & Moreno-Murcia, J. A. (2019). The moderating role of sportsmanship and violent attitudes on social and personal responsibility in adolescents: A clustering-classification approach. PLoS ONE, 14(2), e0211933. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211933
De Caroli, M. E., Falanga, R., & Sagone, E. (2014). Prosocial behavior and moral reasoning in Italian adolescents and young adults. Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 48-53. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211933
Demerouti, E., & Cropanzano, R. (2017). The buffering role of sportsmanship on the effects of daily negative events. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1257610
Department of Children and Youth. (2018). Rāingān kānphatthanā dek læ yaowachon pračham pī sō̜ngphanhārō̜ihoksip [Child and Youth Development Report Year 2017]. Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. https://www.dcy.go.th/webnew/upload/download/file_th_20181211144021_1.pdf
Doyle, E. (2015). Taxing times: An educational intervention to enhance moral reasoning in tax. Irish Educational Studies, 34(2), 183-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2014.1001202
Dubas, K., Dubas, S., & Mehta, R. (2014). Theories of justice and moral behavior. Journal of Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues, 17(2), 17-35. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/jlerivol17no22014.pdf
Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic Emotion, Cognition and Behavior. Erlbaum.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70(6), 1360-1372. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1102&context=psychfacpub
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial behavior. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, 6th ed., pp. 646-718). Wiley.
Eriksson, K., Vartanova, I., Strimling, P., & Simpson, B. (2020). Generosity pays: Selfish people have fewer children and earn less money. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(3), 532–544. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000213
Gibbons, S. L., & Ebbeck, V. (1997). The effect of different teaching strategies on the moral development of physical education students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17(1), 85-98.
Gibbs, J. C. (2003). Moral Development & Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. Sage.
Kaewsuttha, N., Intarakamhaeng, U., & Duangchan, P. (2016). Phon khō̜ng prōkrǣm kān prap plīan phrưttikam kāndūlǣ ʻanāmai chō̜ng pākkhō̜ ngō̜ wairun tō̜n ton [The effect of behavioral modification program on oral hygiene care behavior of early adolescents]. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(15), 58-75.
Khathawanit, T. (2003). Chittawitthayā thūapai [General Psychology]. Se-Education.
Khemthong, W., Thanachanun, S., & Choochom, O. (2013). Patčhai thāng čhit læ sathānakān thī kīeokhō̜ng kap phrưttikam sīasala khō̜ng nakrīan radap matthayommasưksā tō̜n plāi ʻamphœ̄ phut monthon čhangwat Nakhō̜n Pathom [Psychological and situational factors related to altruistic behavior of students in PhutthaMonthon district, Nakornpathom Province]. Journal of Behavioral Science for Development, 5(1), 176-187.
Lianyang, T., Pimthong, S., & Peungposop, N. (2019). Phon khō̜ng prōkrǣm sœ̄msāng phrưt kammakān lē kēm ʻō̜nlai yāng mo̜som khō̜ng nakrīan chan matthayommasưksā tō̜n ton [The effect of proper online game behaviors enhancement program of lower secondary school students]. Research and Development Health System Journal, 12(1), 121-131.
Meekhun, K. (2010). Kānphatthanā hētphon chœ̄ng čhariyatham dūai nithān čhit čhariyatham [Development of moral reasoning with psycho-moral strength tale]. In Khūmư̄ " khrū fưk " chut phatthanā čhit būranākān phalang čhariyatham [The "Trainer" Manual, The Development of Integrated Psycho-Moral Strength] (pp. 41-59). National Research Council of Thailand.
Mouratidou, K., Goutza, S., & Chatzopoulos, D. (2007). Physical education and moral development: An intervention programme to promote moral reasoning through physical education in high school students. European Physical Education Review, 13(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X07072675
Musschenga, A. W. (2009). Moral intuitions, moral expertise and moral reasoning. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 43(4), 597-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2009.00707.x
Ngualamhin, A. (2010). Kānčhatkān rīanrū phalasưksā dōi chai kitčhakam kīlā futbō̜n tām nǣokhit phatthanā čhariyatham khō̜ng khōnbœ̄k phư̄a phatthanā khwām mīnām čhai nakkīlā khō̜ng nakrīan prathom sưksā [Physical education learning management using football activities based on ethics development theory of Kohlberg to develop sportsmanship of the primary school students] (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Nonjuy, N. (2015). Rūpbǣp kitčhakam kān sœ̄msāng khwām mīnām čhai nakkīlā khō̜ng naksưksā mahāwitthayālai thēknōlōyīrātchamongkhon lānnā [The activities model sportsmanship promotion of Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna students] (Doctoral dissertation). Naresuan University, Phitsanulok.
Ongley, S. F., Nola, M., & Malti, T. (2014). Children’s giving: Moral reasoning and moral emotions in the development of donation behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00458
Phianchop, W. (1980). Lakkān læ withīkān sō̜n wichā phalasưksā [Principles and Methods of Teaching Physical Education]. Thai Watana Panich.
Pholsri, P. (2009). Phonlakā rot ʻon dōi chai nangsư̄ nithān thī mī tō̜ hētphon chœ̄ng čhariyatham khō̜ng nakrīan chan prathomsưksā pī thī hok [Alternative: The results the ethical reasoningby a story book of students of primary grade 6] (Master’s thesis). Thaksin University, Songkhla.
Reynolds, S. J., & Ceranic, T. L. (2007). The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: An empirical examination of the moral individual. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1610-1624. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1610
Sharpe, T., Brown, M., & Crider, K. (1995). The effects of a sportsmanship curriculum intervention on generalized positive social behavior of urban elementary school students. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(4), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-401
Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (1995). Character Development and Physical Activity. Human Kinetics.
Sritalaeng, W., & Kwanboonchan, R. (2015). Phon khō̜ng kānčhatkān rīanrū phalasưksā dōi chai kitčhakam kīlā rakbī futbō̜n phư̄a phatthanā khwām mīnā čhai nakkīlā khō̜ng nakrīan chan matthayommasưksā [The effects of health program management on weight and body fat percentage of overweight elementary school students]. An Online Journal of Education, 10(2), 444-456.
Stornes, T., & Bru, E. (2002). Sportspersonship and perceptions of leadership: An investigation of adolescent handball players' perceptions of sportspersonship and associations with perceived leadership. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2002.10142577
Tengtrairat, J., Theeravekin, N., Naphaket, R., Siripanich, R., Phuwasonkun, W., Kaeokangwan, S., Tantiwit, S., & Witchawut, S. (2001). Chittawitthayā thūapai [General Psychology] (3rd ed.). Thammasat University Press.
Thatsanasri, P. (2013). Kānsưksā hētphon chœ̄ng čhariyatham dān khwām mī winai phān nithān kātūn ʻǣ ni mē chan samrap nakrīan chan prathomsưksā pī thī hā rōngrīan ʻanubān lop burī [Study of moral reasoning and discipline through cartoon animation stories for elementary students grade 5 at AnubanLopburi School] (Master’s thesis). Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok.
Theaparuk, P., & Thiwtanom, A. (2007). Suk phāwa khō̜ng Khon Thai čhut rœ̄mton khō̜ng khwām yū yen pensuk [Wellness of Thai people. The beginning of well-being]. Warasan Setthakit Lae Sangkhom, 44(1), 12-17.
Torabizadeh, C., Homayuni, L., & Moattari, M. (2018). Impacts of Socratic questioning on moral reasoning of nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 25(2), 174–185. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016667775
Tungcharoen, P., & Pimthong, S. (2018). Sathānakān thāng sangkhom læ čhit laksana thī kīeokhō̜ng kap phrưttikam kān pen phonlamư̄ang saičhai sangkhom khō̜ng nisit radap parinyā trī Mahāwitthayālai Sīnakharinwirōt [Social situational and psychological factors related to active citizen behavior among undergraduate students of Srinakharinwirot University]. Journal of Behavioral Science for Development, 10(1), 146-165.
Vallerand, R. J., Briere, N. M., Blanchard, C., & Provencher, P. (1997). Development and validation of the multidimensional sportspersonship orientation scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.2.197
Yilmaz, O., Bahçekapili, H. G., & Sevi, B. (2019). Theory of moral development. In T. Shackelford & V. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer International Publishing.
