การนำเสนอตนเอง การเปิดเผยตนเอง และความเป็นส่วนตัวบนเฟซบุ๊ก
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Published:
Jan 30, 2018
Keywords:
Self-presentation Self-disclosure Communication privacy management Social penetration theory Facebook
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in online communication due to rising Internet penetration rates. Specifically, social interaction through digital spaces, such as Facebook, a widely adopted social networking site (SNS) that connects people across the world. Facebook plays a large role in people’s daily lives. They constantly update their life stories and willingly make public declarations regarding their emotional state through selected text and pictures. However, through this insatiable desire for self-presentation, some Facebook users have ignored, or not realized their own privacy area; certain topics should be kept private rather than be made into a public revelation. From the aforementioned social phenomenon, the author is interested in revisiting self-presentation and self-disclosure based on the concepts of Communication Privacy Management and Social Penetration Theory. After the initial review, certain propositions are suggested as a guideline for future research.
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References
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Antheunis, M. L., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2010). Getting acquainted through social networking sites: Testing a model of online uncertainty reduction and social attraction. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 100-109.
Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automaticity in social psychology. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 169–183). New York: Guilford Press.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the ‘‘true self’’ on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 33-48.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When self-presentation is constrained by the target’s knowledge: Consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 608-618.
Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2013). Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(2), 121-141.
Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Bradley, B. (2009). He posted, she posted: Gender differences in self-disclosure on social networking sites. Communication Review 6(2), 29-37.
Brown, J. D. (1998). The self. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Buck, R., Losow, J. I., & Murphy, M. M. (1992). Social facilitation and inhibition of emotional expression and communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 962-968.
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2011). Natural pedagogy as evolutionary adaptation. Biological Sciences, 366, 1149-1157.
Chou, H.-T. G., & Edge, N. (2012). They are happier and having better lives than I am: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 117-121.
Cornwell, B., & Lundgren, D. C. (2001). Love on the Internet: Involvement and misrepresentation in romantic relationships in cyberspace vs. real space. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 197-211.
Derlega, V., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Derlega, V., Winstead, B., Wong, P., & Greenspan, M. (1987). Self-disclosure and relationship development: An attributional analysis. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 172–187). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DeWolf, R., & Pierson, J. (2012). Symbolic interactionist perspective on linking privacy and identity on social network sites. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Annual Conference, Phoenix, Arizona.
Douglas, K. M., & McGarty, C. (2001). Identifiability and self-presentation: Computer-mediated communication and intergroup interaction. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 399–416.
Emiley, C., Muise, A., & Desmarias, S. (2009). Information disclosure and control on Facebook: Are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes? Cyberpyschology & Behavior 12(3), 341-45.
Kathryn, D., Fitzpatrick, A. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1997). Self-disclosure in spouse and stranger interaction a social relations analysis. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 88-412.
Ellison, N. B., Heino, R. D., & Gibbs, J. L. (2006). Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 11(2), 415-441.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefit of Facebook ‘Friend’ social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Fazio, R. H., Effrein, E. A., & Falender, V. J. (1981). Self-perceptions following social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 232-242.
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1987). Marriage and verbal intimacy. In V. J., Derlega & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 131–154). New York: Plenum.
Galvin, K. M., Bylund, C. M., & Brommel, B. J. (2008). Family communication: Cohesion and change (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson Print.
Gergen, K. J. (1965). Effects of interaction goals and personality feedback on the presentation of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 413-424.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor.
Graham, S. M., Huang, J. Y., Clark, M. S., & Helgeson, V. S. (2008). The positives of negative emotions: Willingness to express negative emotions promotes relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(3), 394-406.
Guzzetti, B. J. (2006). Cybergirls: Negotiating social identities on cybersites. E-Learning, 3(2), 158-169.
Han, L., William, T., & Lin, Q. (2014). Emotional disclosure on social networking sites: The role of network structure and psychological needs. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 342-350.
Hofstede insight. (2018). The 6 dimensions of national culture. Retrieved May 9, 2018 https://www.hofstede-insights.com/models/national-culture/
Hogan, B. (2010). The presentation of self in the age of social media: Distinguishing performances and exhibitions online. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 30(6), 377-386.
Hum, N. J., Chamberlin, P. E., Hambright, B. L., Portwood, A. C., Schat, A. C., & Bevan, J. L. (2011). A picture is worth a thousand words: A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs. Computers In Human Behavior, 27(5), 1828-1833.
Jones, E. E., & Wortman, C. (1973). Ingratiation: An attributional approach. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Leary, M. R., & Allen, A. B. (2011). Personality and persona: Personality processes in self-presentation. Journal of Personality, 79(6), 1191-1218.
Ledbetter, A. M., Mazer, J. P., DeGroot, J. M., Meyer, K. R., Mao, Y., & Swafford, B. (2011). Attitudes toward online social connection and self-disclosure as predictors of Facebook communication and relational closeness. Communication Research, 38(1), 27-53.
Lee-Won, R. J., Shim, M., Joo, Y. K., & Park, S. G. (2014). Who puts the best ‘face’ forward on Facebook? Positive self-presentation in online social networking and the role of self-consciousness, actual-to-total Friends ratio, and culture Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 413-423.
Leung, L. (2002). Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ (‘I Seek You’) use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 241-251.
Liu, D., & Brown, B. (2014). Self-disclosure on social networking sites, positive feedback, and social capital among Chinese college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 213–219.
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2008). Theories of human communication (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Magsamen-Conrad, K. (2012). Sharing personal information in relationships: The implications of anticipated responses for information management theory and measurement. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on ‘‘Facebook’’: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1-17.
McKenna, K., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity ‘‘demarginalization’’ through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 681-694.
Murstein, B. I., & Adler, E. R. (1995). Gender differences in power and self-disclosure in dating and married couples. Personal Relationships, 2(3), 199-209.
Paulhus, D. L., Shaffer, D. R., & Downing, L. L. (1997). Effects of making blood donor motives salient upon donor retention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 99-102.
Parker, J. K., & Boyd, d. (2010). Hanging out with friends: MySpace, Facebook, and other networked publics. In J. K. Parker (Ed.), Teaching tech-savvy kids: Bringing digital media into the classroom, Grades 5–12 (pp. 15-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 227-238.
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Rowatt, W. C., Cunningham, M. R., & Druen, P. B. (1998). Deception to get a date. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(11), 1228-1242.
Rui, J. R., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013). Strategic self-presentation online: A Cross-cultural study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 110–118.
Schlenker, B. R., & Wowra, S. A. (2003). Carryover effects of feeling socially transparent or impenetrable on strategic self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 871-880.
Smith, C. (2012). How many people use the top social media? Digital marketing ramblings. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://expandedramblings.com/ index.php/resourcehow-many-people-use-the-top-social-media/
Sponder, M., & Khan, G. F. (2018). Digital analytics for marketing. NY: Routledge.
Sohn, D. (2014). Coping with information in social media: The effects of network structure and knowledge on perception of information value. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 145-151.
Solano, C. H., & Dunnam, M. (1985). Two’s company: Self-disclosure and reciprocity in triads versus dyads. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 183-187.
Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1994). Panacea or panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21, 427-459.
Taylor, D., & Altman, I. (1987). Communication in interpersonal relationships: Social penetration processes. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 257–277). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thompson, A. W. (2012). To post or not to post: An examination of gender differences in undergraduates’ self-disclosure on Facebook. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Lynchburg, VA: Faculty Liberty University.
Tufekci, Z. (2008). Can you see me now? Audience and disclosure regulation in online social network sites, Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 28(1), 20-36.
Utz, S. (2011). Social network site use among Dutch students: Effects of time and platform. In F. Comunello (Ed.), Networked sociability and individualism: Technology for personal and professional relationships (pp. 104-126). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3–43.
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816–1836.
Zuckerberg, M. (2011). The Facebook blog: Our commitment to the Facebook community. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from https://blog.facebook.com
Antheunis, M. L., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2010). Getting acquainted through social networking sites: Testing a model of online uncertainty reduction and social attraction. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 100-109.
Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automaticity in social psychology. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 169–183). New York: Guilford Press.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the ‘‘true self’’ on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 33-48.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When self-presentation is constrained by the target’s knowledge: Consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 608-618.
Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2013). Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(2), 121-141.
Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Bradley, B. (2009). He posted, she posted: Gender differences in self-disclosure on social networking sites. Communication Review 6(2), 29-37.
Brown, J. D. (1998). The self. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Buck, R., Losow, J. I., & Murphy, M. M. (1992). Social facilitation and inhibition of emotional expression and communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 962-968.
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2011). Natural pedagogy as evolutionary adaptation. Biological Sciences, 366, 1149-1157.
Chou, H.-T. G., & Edge, N. (2012). They are happier and having better lives than I am: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 117-121.
Cornwell, B., & Lundgren, D. C. (2001). Love on the Internet: Involvement and misrepresentation in romantic relationships in cyberspace vs. real space. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 197-211.
Derlega, V., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Derlega, V., Winstead, B., Wong, P., & Greenspan, M. (1987). Self-disclosure and relationship development: An attributional analysis. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 172–187). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DeWolf, R., & Pierson, J. (2012). Symbolic interactionist perspective on linking privacy and identity on social network sites. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Annual Conference, Phoenix, Arizona.
Douglas, K. M., & McGarty, C. (2001). Identifiability and self-presentation: Computer-mediated communication and intergroup interaction. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 399–416.
Emiley, C., Muise, A., & Desmarias, S. (2009). Information disclosure and control on Facebook: Are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes? Cyberpyschology & Behavior 12(3), 341-45.
Kathryn, D., Fitzpatrick, A. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1997). Self-disclosure in spouse and stranger interaction a social relations analysis. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 88-412.
Ellison, N. B., Heino, R. D., & Gibbs, J. L. (2006). Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 11(2), 415-441.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefit of Facebook ‘Friend’ social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Fazio, R. H., Effrein, E. A., & Falender, V. J. (1981). Self-perceptions following social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 232-242.
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1987). Marriage and verbal intimacy. In V. J., Derlega & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 131–154). New York: Plenum.
Galvin, K. M., Bylund, C. M., & Brommel, B. J. (2008). Family communication: Cohesion and change (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson Print.
Gergen, K. J. (1965). Effects of interaction goals and personality feedback on the presentation of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 413-424.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor.
Graham, S. M., Huang, J. Y., Clark, M. S., & Helgeson, V. S. (2008). The positives of negative emotions: Willingness to express negative emotions promotes relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(3), 394-406.
Guzzetti, B. J. (2006). Cybergirls: Negotiating social identities on cybersites. E-Learning, 3(2), 158-169.
Han, L., William, T., & Lin, Q. (2014). Emotional disclosure on social networking sites: The role of network structure and psychological needs. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 342-350.
Hofstede insight. (2018). The 6 dimensions of national culture. Retrieved May 9, 2018 https://www.hofstede-insights.com/models/national-culture/
Hogan, B. (2010). The presentation of self in the age of social media: Distinguishing performances and exhibitions online. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 30(6), 377-386.
Hum, N. J., Chamberlin, P. E., Hambright, B. L., Portwood, A. C., Schat, A. C., & Bevan, J. L. (2011). A picture is worth a thousand words: A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs. Computers In Human Behavior, 27(5), 1828-1833.
Jones, E. E., & Wortman, C. (1973). Ingratiation: An attributional approach. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Leary, M. R., & Allen, A. B. (2011). Personality and persona: Personality processes in self-presentation. Journal of Personality, 79(6), 1191-1218.
Ledbetter, A. M., Mazer, J. P., DeGroot, J. M., Meyer, K. R., Mao, Y., & Swafford, B. (2011). Attitudes toward online social connection and self-disclosure as predictors of Facebook communication and relational closeness. Communication Research, 38(1), 27-53.
Lee-Won, R. J., Shim, M., Joo, Y. K., & Park, S. G. (2014). Who puts the best ‘face’ forward on Facebook? Positive self-presentation in online social networking and the role of self-consciousness, actual-to-total Friends ratio, and culture Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 413-423.
Leung, L. (2002). Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ (‘I Seek You’) use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 241-251.
Liu, D., & Brown, B. (2014). Self-disclosure on social networking sites, positive feedback, and social capital among Chinese college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 213–219.
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2008). Theories of human communication (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Magsamen-Conrad, K. (2012). Sharing personal information in relationships: The implications of anticipated responses for information management theory and measurement. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on ‘‘Facebook’’: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1-17.
McKenna, K., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity ‘‘demarginalization’’ through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 681-694.
Murstein, B. I., & Adler, E. R. (1995). Gender differences in power and self-disclosure in dating and married couples. Personal Relationships, 2(3), 199-209.
Paulhus, D. L., Shaffer, D. R., & Downing, L. L. (1997). Effects of making blood donor motives salient upon donor retention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 99-102.
Parker, J. K., & Boyd, d. (2010). Hanging out with friends: MySpace, Facebook, and other networked publics. In J. K. Parker (Ed.), Teaching tech-savvy kids: Bringing digital media into the classroom, Grades 5–12 (pp. 15-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 227-238.
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Rowatt, W. C., Cunningham, M. R., & Druen, P. B. (1998). Deception to get a date. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(11), 1228-1242.
Rui, J. R., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013). Strategic self-presentation online: A Cross-cultural study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 110–118.
Schlenker, B. R., & Wowra, S. A. (2003). Carryover effects of feeling socially transparent or impenetrable on strategic self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 871-880.
Smith, C. (2012). How many people use the top social media? Digital marketing ramblings. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://expandedramblings.com/ index.php/resourcehow-many-people-use-the-top-social-media/
Sponder, M., & Khan, G. F. (2018). Digital analytics for marketing. NY: Routledge.
Sohn, D. (2014). Coping with information in social media: The effects of network structure and knowledge on perception of information value. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 145-151.
Solano, C. H., & Dunnam, M. (1985). Two’s company: Self-disclosure and reciprocity in triads versus dyads. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 183-187.
Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1994). Panacea or panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21, 427-459.
Taylor, D., & Altman, I. (1987). Communication in interpersonal relationships: Social penetration processes. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 257–277). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thompson, A. W. (2012). To post or not to post: An examination of gender differences in undergraduates’ self-disclosure on Facebook. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Lynchburg, VA: Faculty Liberty University.
Tufekci, Z. (2008). Can you see me now? Audience and disclosure regulation in online social network sites, Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 28(1), 20-36.
Utz, S. (2011). Social network site use among Dutch students: Effects of time and platform. In F. Comunello (Ed.), Networked sociability and individualism: Technology for personal and professional relationships (pp. 104-126). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3–43.
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816–1836.
Zuckerberg, M. (2011). The Facebook blog: Our commitment to the Facebook community. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from https://blog.facebook.com