The Silicon Architect: Transformation Towards a Data-Centric Mindset
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper investigates the emergence of a novel ‘data-centric’ mindset within architecture and its implications for the architectural design process. Defined by engagement with new technology (Data Science, Big Data, Machine Learning) this mindset is driving new insight toward novel aesthetics and ultimately new disciplinary hypotheses. The literature review first tracks distinguishable transitions in the architectural mindset through the architects that have embodied them (Master Builder, Beaux-Art, Modernist, and Parametric Architect) culminating with what is here termed the ‘Silicon Architect’. Next, three archetypal case studies reveal how the architectural design process is re-potentialized through a data-centric mindset, allowing architects to ultimately escape their imaginative limits and arrive at new disciplinary ambitions. The data-centric inclinations of these architects have resulted in a fusion of human-machine cognition. Through this ‘composite’ cognition, architects can now push beyond more typical ambitions (i.e. the creation of novel forms) toward an encounter with notions of ‘hypotheses generation’ and ‘disciplinary prospection’ via non-human cognitive input. This new mindset emerging in the Silicon Architect is set to re-direct the architectural design process, and in doing so, help the discipline escape the limits of its own paradigmatic imagination in ways that operate beyond human cognitive capabilities. In this sense, research sheds light on the influences that may shape future architectural design processes and the architects who may evolve.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All material is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, unless otherwise stated. As such, authors are free to share, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The authors must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. The authors may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. The authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. If the authors remix, transform, or build upon the material, they may not distribute the modified material, unless permission is obtained from JARS. Final, accepted versions of the paper may be posted on third party repositories, provided appropriate acknowledgement to the original source is clearly noted.
References
Abrams, J. (2008). Companies we keep: Employee ownership and the business of community and place (2nd ed.). Chelsea Green.
Ahmed, V., Tezel, A., Aziz, Z., & Sibley, M. (2017). The future of big data in facilities management: Opportunities and challenges. Facilities, 35 (13/14), 725-745. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-06-2016-0064
Alambeigi, P., Chen, C., Burry, J., & Cheng, E. (2017). Shape the design with sound performance prediction: A case study for exploring the impact of early sound performance prediction on architectural design. In G. Çağdaş, M. Özkar, L. F. Gül & E. Gürer (Eds.), Future trajectories of computation in design: 17th international conference, CAAD futures 2017, Istanbul 12-14 July, Proceeding (pp. 115-127). Cenkler Matbaa. https://sites.google.com/unicamp.br/caadfutures/proceedings
Al-Azzawi, T., & Al-Majidi, Z. (2021). Parametric architecture: The second international style. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1067, 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012019
Almusaed, A., & Yitmen, I. (2023). Architectural reply for smart building design concepts based on artificial intelligence simulation models and digital twins. Sustainability, 15(6), 4955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064955
Andrasek, A. (2018). High resolution fabric of architecture [Doctoral thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology]. RMIT University. https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au/esploro/outputs/doctoral/High-resolution-fabric-of-architecture/9921861856401341
Andrasek, A. (2019). In search of the unseen: Towards superhuman intuition. Architectural Design, 89(5), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2487
Arantes, P. F. (2019). The rent of form: Architecture and labor in the digital Age. University of Minnesota Press.
Bacharidis, K., Sarri, F., & Ragia, L. (2020). 3D building façade reconstruction using deep learning. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(5), 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050322
Beard, J. L., Wundram, E. C., & Loulakis, M. C. (2001). Design-build: Planning through development. McGraw-Hill.
Behzadan, A. H., Menassa, C. C., & Pradhan, A. R. (2015). Enabling real time simulation of architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM) systems: A review of formalism, model architecture, and data representation. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 20, 1-23. http://www.itcon.org/2015/1
Blake, P. (1976). The master builders: Le corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd wright. Norton.
Burr, K. L., & Jones, C. B. (2010). The role of the architect: Changes of the past, practices of the present, and indications of the future. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 6(2), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2010.482878
Burry, M. (2011). Scripting cultures: Architectural design and programming. Chichester. Wiley.
Carpo, M. (2009). Revolutions: Some new technologies in search of an author. Log, 15, 49–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41765259
Carpo, M. (Ed.). (2013). The digital turn in architecture 1992-2012. Wiley.
Carpo, M. (2017). The second digital turn: Design beyond intelligence. The MIT Press.
Carpo, M. (2019). Digitally intelligent architecture has little to do with computers (and even less with their intelligence). UCL Discovery. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074434/
Christev, D. (2017, February 15). Grasshopper - kangaroo 1 vs. kangaroo 2 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_Bfmm8y-Ms
Cobley, E. (2009). Modernism and the culture of efficiency: Ideology and fiction. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442697430
Cudzik, J., & Radziszewski, K. (2018). Artificial intelligence aided architectural design. In A. Kepczynska-Walczak & S. Bialkowski (Eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow-Proceedings of the 36th international conference on education and research in computer aided architectural design in Europe, Łódź, Poland, 19th-21st September 2018 (Vol.1, pp. 77-84). eCAADe. https://ecaade.org/downloads/eCAADe-2018-Volume1.pdf
Carlson, C.Fu, T. (2023, June 29). Tim Fu uses “midjourney for architecture” to transform crumpled paper into starchitect buildings. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2023/06/29/tim-fuai-crumpled-paper-starchitect-building-designs/ Center for Augmented Computational Design in AEC. (2020, December 20). Talk 3: Alisa Andrasek - complex city [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq2lwYNcmAw
Chaiyakul, Y. (2020). Simple lumen method calculations for louver luminaire. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, 18(1), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.56261/jars.v18i1.241087
Darko, A., Chan, A. P. C., Adabre, M. A., Edwards, D. J., Hosseini, M. R., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2020). Artificial intelligence in the AEC industry: Scientometric analysis and visualization of research activities. Automation in Construction, 112, 103081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103081
del Campo, M. (2022). Deep house-datasets, estrangement, and the problem of the new. Architectural Intelligence, 1(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44223-022-00013-w
del Campo, M., Manninger, S., & Wang, L. J. (2019). Sensibilities of artificial intelligence an examination of architecture in a posthuman design ecology. In C. Gengnagel, O. Baverel, J. Burry, M. R. Thomsen & S. Weinzierl (Eds.), Impact: Design with all senses : Proceedings of the Design Modelling Symposium, Berlin 2019 (pp. 529-538). Springer. https://www.academia.edu/40484480/Sensibilities_of_artificial_intelligence_an_examination_of_architecture_in_a_posthuman_design_ecology
Deutsch, R. (2015). Data-driven design and construction: 25 strategies for capturing, analyzing and applying building data. John Wiley & Sons.
Dimcic, M. (2017). Artificial intelligence in architecture. In G. Celani & O. Kanoun (Eds.), Frontiers of science and technology: Automation, sustainability, digital fabrication - selected extended papers of the 7th Brazilian-German conference, Campinas 2016 Brazil (pp. 199-208). DeGruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110537680-014
Dinmohammadi, F., & Wilson, D. (2021). Understanding the end-users and technical requirements for real-time streaming data analytics and visualisation. In C. Yang (Ed.), 2021 26th International conference on automation and computing: System intelligence through automation & computing: University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK, 2nd-4th September 2021 (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9594257
Doyle, S., & Senske, N. (2018). Digital provenance and material metadata: Attribution and co-authorship in the age of artificial intelligence. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 16(4), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478077118800887
Eiris, R., & Gheisari, M. (2017). Research trends of virtual human applications in architecture, engineering and construction. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 22, 168-184. https://www.itcon.org/paper/2017/9
Euchner, J. (2023). Democratizing innovation. Research-Technology Management, 66(4), 9-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2023.2212584
Friederich, P., Krenn, M., Tamblyn, I., & Aspuru-Guzik, A. (2021). Scientific intuition inspired by machine learning-generated hypotheses. Machine Learning: Science and Technology, 2(2), 025027. https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abda08
Garric, J.-P. (2016). The French beaux-arts. In M. Bressni & C. Contandriopoulos (eds.), The companion to the history of architecture: Nineteenth-century architecture (Vol. 3, pp. 45-59). John Wiley & Sons. https://www.academia.edu/35147076/_THE_FRENCH_BEAUX_ARTS_in_The_Companion_to_the_History_of_Architecture_Volume_III_Edited_by_Martin_Bressani_and_Christina_Contandriopoulos_John_Wiley_and_Sons_Inc_Published_2016
Gaudillière-Jami, N. (2023). The house that looked like it should collapse, natural language processing for architectural design. In M. Turrin, C. Andriotis & A. Rafiee (Eds.), Computer-aided architectural design: Interconnections: co-computing beyond boundaries: 20th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2023, Delft, The Netherlands, July 5–7, 2023, Selected Papers (pp. 97-111). Springer.
Geaghan, J., & Andrasek, A. (2023, August 7). Harnessing the power of AI in architecture: Alisa Andrasek. ARCHITECTURE, AU. https://architectureau.com/articles/harnessing-the-power-of-ai-in-architecture/
Gournay, I. (2019). The legacy of the ecole des beaux-arts in the formation of North American deco: Academic and social tenets and their interpretations. In B. Elliott & M. Windover (Eds.), The Routledge companion to art deco (pp. 13-36). Routledge.
Gournay, I., & Leconte, M.-L. C. (2013). American architecture students in belle epoque Paris: Scholastic strategies and achievements at the ecole des beaux-arts. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 12(2), 154-198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781413000054
Harrouk, C. (2021, January 12). The Creative process of the four pioneers of modern architecture [Photograph]. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/925464/the-creative-process-of-the-four-pioneers-of-modern-architecture?ad_medium=gallery
He, W., Shong, J. Y. L., & Wang, C. (2022). AI-driven BIM on the cloud. In I. As, P. Basu & P. Talwar (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in urban planning and design: Technologies, implementation, and impacts (pp. 101-117). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823941-4.00009-3
Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., & Zaki, J. (2018). Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. Plos One, 13(10), e0204494. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204494
Holm, L., & Schaufelberger, J. (2019). Construction superintendents: Essential skills for the next generation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429400575
Holzwarth, V., Schneider, J., Kunz, A., & vom Brocke, J. (2019). Data driven value creation in AEC along the building lifecycle. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1343, 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012046 Institute for Ethics in AI Oxford. (2022, July 13). Using AI to accelerate scientific discovery [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jocWJiztxYA
Jordy, W. H. (1969). The aftermath of the Bauhaus in America: Gropius, Mies, and Breuer. In D. Fleming & B. Bailyn (Eds.), The intellectual migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960 (pp. 485-543). Belknap (Harvard University Press).
Jupp, J., & Awad, R. (2017). BIM-FM and information requirements management: missing links in the AEC and FM interface. In J. Ríos, A. Bernard, A. Bouras & S. Foufou (Eds.), Product lifecycle management and the industry of the future: 14th IFIP WG 5.1 International Conference, PLM 2017, Seville, Spain, July 10-12, 2017, revised selected papers (pp. 311-323). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72905-3_28
Kaltenbrun, J. A. (1924). The Ecole Nationale des Beaux--Arts. Ohio State Engineer, 7(4), 17-18. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/33640
Ke, S., Xiang, F., Zhang, Z., & Zuo, Y. (2019). An enhanced interaction framework based on VR, AR and MR in digital twin. Procedia Cirp, 83, 753-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.103
Kimball, B. A. (1992). The professional ideal in America: A history. Blackwell.
Knippers, J., Kropp, C., Menges, A., Sawodny, O., & Weiskopf, D. (2021). Integrative computational design and construction: Rethinking architecture digitally. Civil Engineering Design, 3(4), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/cend.202100027
Kocaturk, T. (2017). Towards an intelligent digital ecosystem-sustainable data-driven design futures. In P. S. Brandon, P. Lombardi & G. Q. Shen (Eds.), Future challenges in evaluating and managing sustainable development in the built environment (pp. 164-178). Wiley-Blackwell.
Kohs, G. (Director). (2014). AlphaGo. https://www.alphagomovie.com/
Kolarevic, B. (2008). Post-digital architecture: Towards integrative design. In K. Terzidis (Ed.), What matters (s): First international conference on critical digital: 18-19 April 2008 Harvard University Graduate School of Design (pp. 149-156). Harvard University, Graduate School of Design. https://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/cdc2008_149.content.pdf
Kostof, S. (Ed.) (2000). The Architect: Chapters in the history of the profession. University of California Press.
Kramer, R. (2016). From skillset to mindset: A new paradigm for leader development. Research and Educational Journal, 5, 26-45. https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2016-0-5-26-45
Leen, N. (2020, April 7). Le Corbusier: Complexity and contradiction [Photograph]. WordPress. https://www.federicamorgillo.it/le-corbusier-complessita-e-contraddizione/
Levitskaya, M. (2021). Using machine learning (ML) for facade material recognition [Diploma thesis, Vienna University of Technology]. TU Wien. https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/17821
Limchutrakul, P., & Srisutapan, A. (2021). Design guidelines for enhancing daylight performance in office building by using electrochromic glass. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, 18(2), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.56261/jars.v18i2.236246
Mađanovic, M. (2018). Persisting Beaux-Arts practices in architectural education: History and theory teaching at the Auckland school of architecture, 1927–1969. Interstices Journal of Architecture and Related Arts, 18(Special Issue), 9-24. https://www.interstices.ac.nz/index.php/Interstices/article/view/515
Manzoor, B., Othman, I., & Pomares, J. C. (2021). Digital technologies in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry-A bibliometric-qualitative literature review of research activities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, (18)11, 6135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116135
Marcos, C. L. (2020). From physical analogy to digital codification, digital turns, complexity and disruption. In A. Arena, M. Arena, R. J. Brandolino, D. Colistra, G. Ginex, D. Mediati, S. Nucifora & P. Raffa (eds.), Connect connecting a design for knotting and weaving drawing for weaving relationships: 42th International Conference of Representation Disciplines Teachers Congress of Italian union for drawing proceedings 2020 (pp. 599-607). FrancoAngeli. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/109432
Martinho, H., Pereira, I., Feist, S., & Leitão, A. (2020). Integrated algorithmic design in practice: A renovation case study. In L. C. Werner & D. Koering (Eds.), Anthropologic: architecture and fabrication in the cognitive age-Proceedings of the 38th international online conference on education and research in computer aided architectural design in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 16th-17th September 2020 (Vol. 1, pp. 429-438). eCAADe. https://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ecaade2020_016
Mindrup, M. (2014). Translations of material to technology in Bauhaus architecture. Wolkenkuckucksheim Internationale Zeitschrift zur Theorie der Architektur, 19(33), 161-172. https://cloud-cuckoo.net/fileadmin/hefte_de/heft_33/artikel_mindrup.pdf
Mrosla, L., Koch, V., & von Both, P. (2019). Quo vadis AI in architecture? survey of the current possibilities of AI in the architectural practice. In J. P. Sousa, G. C. Henriques & J. P. Xavier (Eds.), 37th Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe and XXIII Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Joint Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 45-54). eCAADe. https://pdf.blucher.com.br/designproceedings/ecaadesigradi2019/ecaadesigradi2019_302.pdf
Murphy, A. (2022). Imagination in science. Philosophy Compass, 17(6), e12836. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12836
Mallgrave, H. F., & Goodman, D. (2011). An introduction to architectural theory: 1968 to the present. Wiley-Blackwell.
Malaeb, J., & Wenjun, M. (2019). AIA Artificial intelligence in architecture: General understanding and prospective studies. Artificial intelligence in architecture. https://www.academia.edu/40398871/AIA_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Architecture_GENERAL_UNDERSTANDING_AND_PROSPECTIVE_STUDIES?auto=citations&from=cover_page
Nia, H. A., & Rahbarianyazd, R. (2020). Aesthetics of modern architecture: A semiological survey on the aesthetic contribution of modern architecture. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 8(2), 66-76. https://www.hrpub.org/download/20200229/CEA4-14814597.pdf
Ochiai, H., Ishiyama, M., Momose, T., Fujiwara, N., Ito, K., Inagaki, H., Nakagawa, A., & Esaki, H. (2011). FIAP: Facility information access protocol for data-centric building automation systems. In 2011 IEEE conference on computer communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) (pp. 229-234). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5928814
Paes, D., Arantes, E., & Irizarry, J. (2017). Immersive environment for improving the understanding of architectural 3D models: Comparing user spatial perception between immersive and traditional virtual reality systems. Automation in Construction, 84, 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.09.016
Peri, S. (2020, April 1). Move 37 and what humans can do in the “age of AI”. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin. com/pulse/move-37-what-humans-can-do-age-ai-suraj-peri
Ploennigs, J., & Berger, M. (2023). AI art in architecture. AI in Civil Engineering, 2(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43503-023-00018-y
Poole, M., & Shvartzberg, M. (Eds.). (2015). The politics of parametricism: Digital technologies in architecture. Bloomsbury Academic.
Pratama, L. A., & Dossick, C. S. (2019). Workflow in virtual reality tool development for AEC industry. In I. Mutis & T. Hartmann (Eds.), Advances in informatics and computing in civil and construction engineering (pp. 297-306). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00220-6_36
Prime Weber Shandwick. (2015, October 7). Hemnet-The house of clicks [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/141663270
Qabshoqa, M., Kocaturk, T., & Kiviniemi, A. (2017). A value-driven perspective to understand data-driven futures in architecture. In A. Fioravanti, S. Cursi, S. Elahmar, S. Gargaro, G. Loffreda, G. Novembri & A. Trento (Eds.), eCAADe 2017 ShoCK! - Sharing Computational Knowledge! - Proceedings of the 35th international conference on education and research in computer aided architectural design in Europe (Vol. 2, pp. 407-416). eCAADe. https://ecaade.org/downloads/ecaade2017_volume2_screen.pdf
Rocker, I. M. (2008). Versioning: Architecture as series?. In K. Terzidis (Ed.), What matters (s): First international conference on critical digital: 18-19 April 2008 Harvard University Graduate School of Design (pp. 157-170). Harvard University, Graduate School of Design. http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/cdc2008_157.content.pdf
Royal Academy of Arts. (2018, October 10). AI and creativity, the Rothschild Foundation lecture [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-bvsJWmqlc
Schumacher, P. (2011). The Autopoiesis of architecture: A new framework for architecture (Vol. 1). Wiley.
Seyedzadeh, S., Rahimian, F. P., Glesk, I., & Roper, M. (2018). Machine learning for estimation of building energy consumption and performance: A review. Visualisation in Engineering, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40327-018-0064-7
Simon, M. (1996). The Beaux-arts atelier in America. In J. Kinnard & K. Schwartz (Eds.), Proceedings: 84th ACSA annual meeting & technology conference. (pp. 319-325). https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Annual%20Meeting%20Proceedings/ACSA.AM.84/ACSA.AM.84.76.pdf
Sun, H., Fan, M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Design and implementation of construction prediction and management platform based on building information modelling and three‐dimensional simulation technology in industry 4.0. IET collaborative intelligent manufacturing, 3(3), 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1049/cim2.12019
Tamke, M., Nicholas, P., & Zwierzycki, M. (2018). Machine learning for architectural design: Practices and infrastructure. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 16(2), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478077118778580
Tao, Y. X., Zhu, Y., & Passe, U. (2020). Modeling and data infrastructure for human-centric design and operation of sustainable, healthy buildings through a case study. Building and Environment, 170, 106518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106518
Tönissen, R. (2013). The death of the architect: Conceptualizations of authorship and the emergence of open source in architecture discourses [Master’s thesis, Wageningen University]. WUR Library. https://edepot.wur.nl/276511
Tsigkari, M., Tarabishy, S., & Kosicki, M. (2021, March 29). Towards artificial intelligence in architecture: How machine learning can change the way we approach design. Foster + Partners. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/insights/plus-journal/towards-artificial-intelligence-in-architecture-how-machine-learning-can-change-the-way-we-approach-design
Tsimer, A. (2018). How did panel houses appear? [Photograph]. culture.pl. https://culture.pl/ru/article/kak-poyavilis-panelnye-doma
Vu, A., & Iso, N. (2022). Construction 3D printing is gaining new heights in Texas, as printing begins on the first multistory printed structure in the United States [Photograph]. Hannah. https://www.hannah-office.org/work/cores
Wainwright, O. (2023, August 7). ‘It’s already way beyond what humans can do’: Will AI wipe out architects?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/aug/07/ai-architects-revolutionising-corbusier-architecture
Weber Shandwick. (2018). One house, two million architects, a whole new market. https://www.webershandwickindia.com/work/hemnet-house-of-clicks/
Wonderlab. (2023, March 15). MorphoCyte [Photograph]. https://www.alisaandrasek.com/projects/morphocyte
World Economic Forum (WEF). (2021, April 21). A framework for the future of real estate. Insight report. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Framework_for_the_Future_of_Real_Estate_2021.pdf
Wikipedia. (2021). AlphaGo (film) [Photograph]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)
Wikimedia Commons. (2018). Lee Sedol (W) vs AlphaGo (B) - Game 2 [Photograph]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Sedol_(W)_vs_AlphaGo_(B)_-_Game_2-_BW.jpg
_vs_AlphaGo_(B)_-_Game_2-_BW.jpg){kind=link}
Wilson, K. B., Bhakoo, V., & Samson, D. (2018). Crowdsourcing: A contemporary form of project management with linkages to open innovation and novel operations. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 38(6), 1467-1494. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-12-2016-0753
Xiao, D., Heaney, C. E., Mottet, L., Fang, F., Lin, W., Navon, I. M., Guo, Y., Matar, O. K., Robins, A. G., & Pain, C. C. (2019). A reduced order model for turbulent flows in the urban environment using machine learning. Building and Environment, 148, 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.035
Yildrim, E. (2022). Text-to-image generation A.I. in architecture. In K. H. Kozlu (Ed.), Art and architecture: Theory, practice and experience (pp. 97-119).Livre de Lyon. https://www.academia.edu/93724464/Text_to_Image_ Generation_A_I_in_Architecture
Zarkadakis, G. (2016, November 26). Move 37 or how AI can change the world. Huffpost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/move-37-or-how-ai-can-change-the-world_b_58399703e4b0a79f7433b675#:~:text=In%20Game%20Two%20of%20AlphaGo,the%20boundaries%20of%20human%20intuition
Zhu, G., & McArthur, J. J. (2020). Automatic generation of architectural layouts using genetic algorithms in BIM. In Proceeding 37th CIB W78 Information Technology for Construction Conference (CIB W78), São Paulo, Brazil (pp. 17-26). http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/2706-6568.37.2020.paper002
stDIBS. (2015, November 28). Pair of large ca. 1845 Beaux Arts Drawings - Paris opera house [Photograph].https://www.1stdibs.com/art/drawings-watercolor-paintings/paul-jacot-pair-of-large-ca-1845-beaux-arts-drawings-paris-opera-house/id-a_695252/#zoomModalOpen