Factors affecting Exercise Behavior and Fat Mass to Fat-Free Mass Ratio of the Personal Trainers
Keywords:
Behavior, Fat-Mass to Fat-Free Ratio, Personal Fitness Trainer, Fitness Center, Equation Structure ModelAbstract
This study aimed to draw a causal model of factors affecting exercise behavior and fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FMFFMR) of the personal trainers based on Pender et al.’s framework. The sample was 480 male personal fitness trainers from 3 fitness centers. Exercise behavior questionnaire and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry were used to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model statistics were analyzed with Mplus program. The results found that a causal model of factors affecting exercise behavior and FMFFMR of the personal trainers was not related to the empirical data (CFI = 0.91). Social support was positively highest causal factor affects to Commitment, Exercise behavior and FMFFMR. Fitness center business should develop behavioral management model of personal trainer according to the Social support causal factor.
References
Agazio, J. G., Ephraim, P. M., Flaherty, N. B., & Gurney, C. A. (2002). Health promotion in active-duty military women with children. Journal Women & Health, 35(1), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v35n01_05
Bandalos, D. L. (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 78-102. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0901_5
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Freeman.
Barreira, T. V., Staiano, A. E., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2013). Validity assessment of a portable bioimpedance scale to estimate body fat percentage in white and african American children and adolescents. Pediatr Obes, 8(2), e29 – e32.
Bushman, B., & Battista, R. (2014). ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer (4th ed). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Chankuna, D. (2018). Kān wikhro̜ patčhai chœ̄ng yư̄nyan khō̜ng fitnētsentœ̄ thī mī prasitthiphon nai Krung Thēp Mahā Nakhō̜n læ parimonthon [Confirmatory factor analysis of effective fitness centers in Bangkok metropolitan region]. Academic Journal Institute of Physical Education, 10(1), 65-76.
Chankuna, D. (2020). Rūpbǣp samakān chœ̄ng khrōngsāng khō̜ng fitnētsentœ̄ thī mī prasitthiphon nai Krung Thēp Mahā Nakhō̜n læ parimonthon [Structural equation model of effective fitness centers in bangkok metropolitan and vicinity region]. Academic Journal Thailand National Sports University, 12(1), 85-96.
Chinuntuya, P. (2001). Bǣpčhamlō̜ng chœ̄ng sāhēt khō̜ng phrưttikam ʻō̜kkamlang kāi khō̜ng phūsūngʻāyu nai Krung Thēp Mahā Nakhō̜n [A causal model of exercise behavior of the elderly in Bangkok metropolis]. Journal of Research Methodology, 16(3), 391-419.
Cooper, K. H., & Cooper, M. (1988). The New Aerobics for Women. Bantam.
Darker, C., French, D., Eves, F., & Sniehotta, F. (2010). An intervention to promote walking amongst the general population based on an ‘extended’theory of planned behaviour: A waiting list randomised controlled trial. Psychology & Health, 25(1), 71-88.
Heydari, A., & Khorashadizadeh, F. (2014). Pender’s health promotion model in medical research. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 41, 59.
Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
InBody. (2018). How accurate is the InBody compared to DEXA?. FAQs. https://www.inbody.com/eng/customer/faq.aspx.
Kaewthummanukul, T., & Brown, K. C. (2006). Determinants of employee participation in physical activity: Critical review of the literature. Aaohn Journal, 54(6), 249-261.
Karelis, A. D., Chamberland, G., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., & Duval, C. (2013). Validation of a portable bioelectrical impedance analyzer for the assessment of body composition. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0129
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Kyle, U. G., Genton, L., Slosman, D. O., & Pichard, C. (2001). Fat-free and fat mass percentiles in 5225 healthy subjects aged 15 to 98 years. Nutrition, 17(7-8), 534-541.
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2015). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, And Human Performance (8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Mohamadian, H., Eftekhar, H., Rahimi, A., Mohamad, H. T., Shojaiezade, D., & Montazeri, A. (2011). Predicting health-related quality of life by using a health promotion model among Iranian adolescent girls: A structural equation modeling approach. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(2), 141-148.
Muthén, B. O. (1989). Factor structure in groups selected on observed scores. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42(1), 81-90.
Nuesorn, N. (2010). Kān songsœ̄m sukkhaphāp nai chumchon nǣokhit læ kān patibat [Health promotion in communities, concepts and practices]. Chulalongkorn University Printing House.
Pender, J. N., Murdaugh, L. C., & Parsons, A. M. (2006). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (5th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Ramírez-Vélez, R., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Sanders-Tordecilla, A., Ojeda-Pardo, M. L., Cobo-Mejía, E. A., Castellanos-Vega, R. D. P., García-Hermoso, A., González-Jiménez, E., Schmidt-RioValle, J., & González-Ruíz, K. (2017). Percentage of body fat and fat mass index as a screening tool for metabolic syndrome prediction in Colombian university students. Nutrients, 9(9), 1009.
Seo, H. M., & Hah, Y. S. (2004). A study of factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle in the elderly: Application of Pender's health promotion model. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 34(7), 1288-1297.
Srisaklak, P. (2014). Patčhai thī mī ʻitthiphon tō̜ phrưttikam songsœ̄m sukkhaphāp khō̜ng ʻāčhān phayābān witthayālai phayābān khrư̄akhāi phāk klāng krasūang sāthāranasuk [Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behavior of Nursing Instructors] (Master's thesis). Christian University, Nakhon Pathom.
Tanita. (2008). Body Composition Analyzer SC-330 Instruction Manual. https://www.manualslib.com/manual/400217/Tanita-Sc-330st.html
Taymoori, P., Lubans, D., & Berry, T. R. (2010). Evaluation of the health promotion model to predict physical activity in Iranian adolescent boys. Health Education & Behavior, 37(1), 84-96. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1003.2082&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Thanakwang, K., Kespichayawattana, J., & Jitpanya, C. (2010). Patčhai thī samphan kap phrưttikam songsœ̄m sukkhaphāp khō̜ng phūsūngʻāyu [Factors related to health promotion behaviors of the elderly: A meta-analysis]. The Nursing Science Journal of Thailand, 28(3), 60-68.
Utter, A. C., McAnulty, S. R., Riha, B. F., Pratt, B. A., & Grose, J. M. (2012). The validity of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance measures to detect changes in the hydration status of wrestlers during acute dehydration and rehydration. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(1), 9-15.
Varas, S. (2013). Phonlakā rō̜ ʻok kamlang kāi dūai kān dœ̄n thī mī tō̜ datchanī mūan kāi læ pœ̄sen khaiman khō̜ng nakrīan radap matthayommasưksā tō̜n ton thī mīnām nak kœ̄n kēn [Walking exercise results on body mass index and fat percentage. of junior high school students who are overweight] (Master's thesis). Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok.
Williams, S. L., & French, D. P. (2011). What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour--and are they the same?. Health Education Research, 26(2), 308-322.
Xiao, J., Purcell, S., Prado, C., & Gonzalez, M. (2018). Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio reference values from NHANES III using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 37(6), 2284-2287.
