Lanna Buddhist temple: the cultural landscape as urban green space
Keywords:
urban green space, Lanna, temple, Buddhism, cultural landscapeAbstract
วัฒนธรรมล้านนาและพุทธศาสนาเป็นพื้นฐานในการดำเนินชีวิตของกลุ่มคนในพื้นที่ภาคเหนือของประเทศไทยมากกว่า 700 ปี การแสดงออกของภูมิทัศน์ในการแบ่งพื้นที่การใช้งาน รูปแบบของพื้นที่ ผังบริเวณ และการจัดการพื้นที่ของวัดล้านนาภายใต้แนวคิดของพุทธศาสนาแบบเถรวาทและคติจักรวาลนั้น มีความเกี่ยวโยงกับพื้นที่สีเขียวและคุณภาพของระบบนิเวศในเมืองโดยตรง วัดล้านนาทำหน้าที่เป็นพื้นที่สีเขียวภายในเขตเมือง และเป็นพื้นที่รวบรวมและเก็บรักษาพันธุกรรมของพืชพื้นถิ่นชนิดเดียวกันกับเมื่อครั้งพระพุทธองค์ยังดำรงพระชนม์ชีพร่วมกับการสร้างข้อกำหนดจากคติความเชื่อและพิธีกรรมในวัดที่ผูกโยงกับการดูแลและจัดการพื้นที่สีเขียวภายในวัดอย่างยั่งยืน บทความนี้ศึกษาและสรุปวิธีคิดทางพุทธศาสนาแบบเถรวาทที่มีความสอดคล้องกันกับแนวคิดเรื่องพื้นที่สีเขียว และพยายามอธิบายถึงการเปลี่ยนรูปจากคติความเชื่อเป็นแบบแผนทางภูมิทัศน์วัฒนธรรมทั้งที่จับต้องได้และจับต้องไม่ได้ ภายใต้สภาพแวดล้อมของวัฒนธรรมล้านนาในพื้นที่ภาคเหนือของประเทศไทยและอภิปรายถึงผลกระทบของการพัฒนาเมืองต่อภูมิทัศน์ของวัดล้านนาทั้งด้านคุณค่าทางนิเวศวิทยาและคุณค่าทางวัฒนธรรม
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Gao, X. & Asami, Y. (2007). Effect of urban landscapes on land prices in two Japanese cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81 (1), 155–166.
Gobster, P. H. (2001). Visions of nature: conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration. Landscape and Urban Planning, 56 (1), 35–51.
Gooneratne, E. R. (2012). The Vimana-vatthu of the Khuddhaka Nikaya Sutta Pitaka. California: Ulan Press.
Gromke, C. & Ruck, B. (2008). Aerodynamic modelling of trees for small-scale wind tunnel studies. Forestry, 81 (3), 243–258.
Hall, S. J. et al. (2016). Convergence of microclimate in residential landscapes across diverse cities in the United States. Landscape Ecology, 31 (1), 101–117.
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Ihse, M. & Lindahl, C. (2000). A holistic model for landscape ecology in practice: the Swedish survey and management of ancient meadows and pastures. Landscape and Urban Planning, 50 (1), 59–84.
Inthusophon, Y. (2014). Karn pramuen khunnalaksana poet pen tee maosom samrab kan prubprung khunnaphab akat boriwen phuentee khu muang Chiang Mai. (In Thai) [Assessment of suitable plant characteristic for improvement of air quality in Chiang Mai’s moat area] (Master’s thesis). Chiang Mai: Maejo University.
Isager, L. & Ivarsson, S. (2002). Contesting landscapes in Thailand: tree ordination as counter-territorialization. Critical Asian Studies, 34 (3), 395–417.
Kabilsingh, C. (1999). Tree of Life: Buddhism and protection of nature with a declaration on environmental ethics. N.P.: Buddhist Perception of Nature Press.
Keyes, C. F. (1975). Buddhist pilgrimage centers and the twelve-year cycle: Northern Thai moral orders in space and time. History of Religions, 15 (1), 71–89.
Keyes, C. F. (1987). From death to birth: ritual process and buddhist meanings in Northern Thailand. Folk, 29 (1), 181–206.
Khanjanusthiti, P. (1996). Buddhist architecture: meaning and conservation in the context of Thailand. (Doctoral dissertation). York: University of York.
Kittivechanon, J. & Kongauan, W. (2011). Neawtang kanchatkan phuentee seekheaw nai sartsana sathan yang yangyuen. (in Thai) [The sustainable management of green areas for religious places]. Journal of Faculty of Architecture, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 12 (1), 57–64.
Lall, V. (2014). The golden lands: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand & Vietnam. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers.
Larson, J. L., Kesheimer, A. J. & Potter, D. A. (2014). Pollinator assemblages on dandelions and white clover in urban and suburban lawns. Journal of Insect Conservation, 18 (5), 863–873.
Lewis, J. L. (2008). Perceptions of landscape change in a rural British Columbia community. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85 (1), 49–59.
Loughner, C. P. et al. (2012). Roles of urban tree canopy and buildings in urban heat island effects: parameterization and preliminary results. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 51 (10), 1775–1793.
Mazzotti, F. J. & Morgenstern, C. S. (1997). A scientific framework for managing urban natural areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 38 (3–4), 171–181.
McIntyre, N. E., Knowles-Yánez, K. & Hope, D. (2008). Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences. Urban Ecology, 18 (1), 49–65.
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Natadecha, P. (1991). Nature and culture in Thailand: the implementation of cultural ecology in environmental education through the application of behavioral sociology. (Doctoral dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawaii.
Nongmar, W. et al. (2013). Landscape language in a contemporary Thai Buddhist temple ground: The case of Wat Phra Dhammakaya. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 34 (1), 139–151.
Ongsakul, S. & Tanratanakul, C. (2006). The History of Lanna. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Oranratmanee, R. & Sachakul, V. (2014). Streets as public spaces in Southeast Asia: case studies of Thai pedestrian streets. Journal of Urban Design, 19 (2), 211–229.
Payomyong, M. (1994). Prapheni sibsong duean Lanna Thai. (In Thai) [Lanna traditions within twelve months]. Chiang Mai: Sorsapkarnpim.
Penth, H. (2000). A Brief history of Lanna : civilizations of Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworn Books.
Porananond, P. (2015). Tourism and the transformation of ritual practice with sand pagodas in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Tourism Review, 70 (3), 165–178.
Reynolds, C.J., 1976. Buddhist cosmography in Thai history, with special reference to nineteenth-century culture change. The Journal of Asian Studies, 35(2), 203–220.
Roy, S., Byrne, J. & Pickering, C. (2012). A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11 (4), 351–363.
Samadhi, T. N. & Tantayanusorn, N. (2006). Reinventing religious land as urban open space: the case of kuang in Chiang Mai (Thailand). Habitat International, 30 (4), 886–901.
Sathapitanonda, N. (2016). Architecture of Lanna: commemorate the 720th anniversary of Chiang Mai city. Bangkok: Li-Zenn.
Sawangying, S. (2009). Kan sueksa khatidhamma keawkub tonmai nai phrabuddhasartsana. (In Thai) [The study of the doctrinal consummation regarding the trees in Buddhist texts]. (Doctoral dissertation). Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajvidyalaya University.
Shahidan, M.F. et al. (2010). A comparison of Mesua ferrea L. and Hura crepitans L. for shade creation and radiation modification in improving thermal comfort. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97 (3), 168–181.
Sponsel, L. E. & Natadecha-Sponsel, P. (2003). Buddhist views of nature and the environment. In Selin, H. (Eds.). Nature across cultures, science across cultures: the history of non-western science. (p.351–371). Dordrecht: Springer.
Supasri, J. (2015). Hor dhamma silpa Lanna (In Thai) [Lanna dhamma & contemporary art center]. Najua, 12 (1), 384–408.
Sutacom, M. (2002). Botbat khong wairoon nai prapheni mai kham Pho: bot sathon chongwang khong kan reanru Lae sueb san wattanatham thongthin amphur Chomtong. (In Thai) [Roles of adolescents in Mai Kham Pho Festival: reflections on gaps between the learning process and local culture preservation in Chom Tong community]. (Master’s thesis). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University.
Sutton, D. B. & Harmon, N. P. (1973). Ecology: selected concepts. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Swearer, D. K. (2006). An assessment of Buddhist eco-philosophy. Harvard Theological Review, 99 (2), 123–137.
Tannenbaum, N. (2000). Protest, tree ordination, and the changing context of political ritual. Ethnology, 32 (2), 109–127.
Tansukanan, P. (2004). Lan wat: miti Tang kaiyaphab lae sangkom khong wat nai muang yai lae muang lek tang phaknuea khong prathet Thai. (In Thai) [The connections beyond sacred architecture: an analysis through spatial structures and daily rhythms of the temple groung in regional city and a small town in the northern of Thailand]. Built Environment Inquiry, 3 (1), 59–77.
Taylor, L. & Hochuli, D. F. (2015). Creating better cities: how biodiversity and ecosystem functioning enhance urban residents’ wellbeing. Urban Ecosystems, 18 (3), 747–762.
Taylor, L. & Hochuli, D.F. (2017). Defining greenspace: multiple uses across multiple disciplines. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158 (1), 25–38.
Thaiutsa, B. et al. (2008). Urban green space, street tree and heritage large tree assessment in Bangkok, Thailand. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 7 (3), 219–229.
Thammathi, S. (2015). Lan Na Pruek Sa Ka Dee. (In Thai) [Story of Plants in Lanna]. Chiang Mai: Suthep Karnpim and Media.
Thurman, R. A. F. (1984). Buddhist views of nature: variations on the theme of mother-father harmony. Nature, 96–112.
Tyrväinen, L., Silvennoinen, H. & Kolehmainen, O. (2003). Ecological and aesthetic values in urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1 (3), 135–149.
Van, E. P. (1985). Feeding their faith: recipe knowledge among Thai Buddhist women. Food and Foodways, 1 (1–2), 197–215.
Wonglangka, W. (2013). Mai mai muang Chiang Mai: Kati kwam chue rueang tonmai kub kan mai tin tan. (In Thai) [Land-marking tree of Chiang Mai: beliefs of plant and place marking]. In Srisuwan, C. (Eds.). Chiang Mai: silapa, sathapattayakam lae kwamchue. (In Thai) [Chiang Mai: art, architecture and beliefs] (pp.69–89). Chiang Mai : Patara Press.
Buri, R. (1989). Wildlife in Thai culture. Culture and Environment in Thailand, 22 (1), 51–59.
Chiu, A.S. (2017). The Buddha in Lanna: art, lineage, power, and place in Northern Thailand. University of Hawaii Press.
Darlington, S. M. (2007). The good Buddha and the fierce spirits: protecting the Northern Thai forest. Contemporary Buddhism, 8 (2), 169–185.
Dearborn, D. C. & Kark, S. (2010). Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 24 (2), 432–440.
Frumkin, H. (2013). The evidence of nature and the nature of evidence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44 (2), 196–197.
Gao, X. & Asami, Y. (2007). Effect of urban landscapes on land prices in two Japanese cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81 (1), 155–166.
Gobster, P. H. (2001). Visions of nature: conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration. Landscape and Urban Planning, 56 (1), 35–51.
Gooneratne, E. R. (2012). The Vimana-vatthu of the Khuddhaka Nikaya Sutta Pitaka. California: Ulan Press.
Gromke, C. & Ruck, B. (2008). Aerodynamic modelling of trees for small-scale wind tunnel studies. Forestry, 81 (3), 243–258.
Hall, S. J. et al. (2016). Convergence of microclimate in residential landscapes across diverse cities in the United States. Landscape Ecology, 31 (1), 101–117.
Horner, I. B. (2014). The book of the discipline (Vinaya-pitaka). Vol. 1, (Suttavibhanga). Melksham: Pali Text Society.
Ihse, M. & Lindahl, C. (2000). A holistic model for landscape ecology in practice: the Swedish survey and management of ancient meadows and pastures. Landscape and Urban Planning, 50 (1), 59–84.
Inthusophon, Y. (2014). Karn pramuen khunnalaksana poet pen tee maosom samrab kan prubprung khunnaphab akat boriwen phuentee khu muang Chiang Mai. (In Thai) [Assessment of suitable plant characteristic for improvement of air quality in Chiang Mai’s moat area] (Master’s thesis). Chiang Mai: Maejo University.
Isager, L. & Ivarsson, S. (2002). Contesting landscapes in Thailand: tree ordination as counter-territorialization. Critical Asian Studies, 34 (3), 395–417.
Kabilsingh, C. (1999). Tree of Life: Buddhism and protection of nature with a declaration on environmental ethics. N.P.: Buddhist Perception of Nature Press.
Keyes, C. F. (1975). Buddhist pilgrimage centers and the twelve-year cycle: Northern Thai moral orders in space and time. History of Religions, 15 (1), 71–89.
Keyes, C. F. (1987). From death to birth: ritual process and buddhist meanings in Northern Thailand. Folk, 29 (1), 181–206.
Khanjanusthiti, P. (1996). Buddhist architecture: meaning and conservation in the context of Thailand. (Doctoral dissertation). York: University of York.
Kittivechanon, J. & Kongauan, W. (2011). Neawtang kanchatkan phuentee seekheaw nai sartsana sathan yang yangyuen. (in Thai) [The sustainable management of green areas for religious places]. Journal of Faculty of Architecture, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 12 (1), 57–64.
Lall, V. (2014). The golden lands: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand & Vietnam. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers.
Larson, J. L., Kesheimer, A. J. & Potter, D. A. (2014). Pollinator assemblages on dandelions and white clover in urban and suburban lawns. Journal of Insect Conservation, 18 (5), 863–873.
Lewis, J. L. (2008). Perceptions of landscape change in a rural British Columbia community. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85 (1), 49–59.
Loughner, C. P. et al. (2012). Roles of urban tree canopy and buildings in urban heat island effects: parameterization and preliminary results. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 51 (10), 1775–1793.
Mazzotti, F. J. & Morgenstern, C. S. (1997). A scientific framework for managing urban natural areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 38 (3–4), 171–181.
McIntyre, N. E., Knowles-Yánez, K. & Hope, D. (2008). Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences. Urban Ecology, 18 (1), 49–65.
Milton, K. (1999). Nature is already sacred. Environmental Values, 8 (4), 437–449.
Mueller, G. D. & Thompson, A. M. (2009). The ability of urban residential lawns to disconnect impervious area from municipal sewer systems. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 45 (5), 1116–1126.
Natadecha, P. (1991). Nature and culture in Thailand: the implementation of cultural ecology in environmental education through the application of behavioral sociology. (Doctoral dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawaii.
Nongmar, W. et al. (2013). Landscape language in a contemporary Thai Buddhist temple ground: The case of Wat Phra Dhammakaya. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 34 (1), 139–151.
Ongsakul, S. & Tanratanakul, C. (2006). The History of Lanna. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Oranratmanee, R. & Sachakul, V. (2014). Streets as public spaces in Southeast Asia: case studies of Thai pedestrian streets. Journal of Urban Design, 19 (2), 211–229.
Payomyong, M. (1994). Prapheni sibsong duean Lanna Thai. (In Thai) [Lanna traditions within twelve months]. Chiang Mai: Sorsapkarnpim.
Penth, H. (2000). A Brief history of Lanna : civilizations of Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworn Books.
Porananond, P. (2015). Tourism and the transformation of ritual practice with sand pagodas in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Tourism Review, 70 (3), 165–178.
Reynolds, C.J., 1976. Buddhist cosmography in Thai history, with special reference to nineteenth-century culture change. The Journal of Asian Studies, 35(2), 203–220.
Roy, S., Byrne, J. & Pickering, C. (2012). A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11 (4), 351–363.
Samadhi, T. N. & Tantayanusorn, N. (2006). Reinventing religious land as urban open space: the case of kuang in Chiang Mai (Thailand). Habitat International, 30 (4), 886–901.
Sathapitanonda, N. (2016). Architecture of Lanna: commemorate the 720th anniversary of Chiang Mai city. Bangkok: Li-Zenn.
Sawangying, S. (2009). Kan sueksa khatidhamma keawkub tonmai nai phrabuddhasartsana. (In Thai) [The study of the doctrinal consummation regarding the trees in Buddhist texts]. (Doctoral dissertation). Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajvidyalaya University.
Shahidan, M.F. et al. (2010). A comparison of Mesua ferrea L. and Hura crepitans L. for shade creation and radiation modification in improving thermal comfort. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97 (3), 168–181.
Sponsel, L. E. & Natadecha-Sponsel, P. (2003). Buddhist views of nature and the environment. In Selin, H. (Eds.). Nature across cultures, science across cultures: the history of non-western science. (p.351–371). Dordrecht: Springer.
Supasri, J. (2015). Hor dhamma silpa Lanna (In Thai) [Lanna dhamma & contemporary art center]. Najua, 12 (1), 384–408.
Sutacom, M. (2002). Botbat khong wairoon nai prapheni mai kham Pho: bot sathon chongwang khong kan reanru Lae sueb san wattanatham thongthin amphur Chomtong. (In Thai) [Roles of adolescents in Mai Kham Pho Festival: reflections on gaps between the learning process and local culture preservation in Chom Tong community]. (Master’s thesis). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University.
Sutton, D. B. & Harmon, N. P. (1973). Ecology: selected concepts. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Swearer, D. K. (2006). An assessment of Buddhist eco-philosophy. Harvard Theological Review, 99 (2), 123–137.
Tannenbaum, N. (2000). Protest, tree ordination, and the changing context of political ritual. Ethnology, 32 (2), 109–127.
Tansukanan, P. (2004). Lan wat: miti Tang kaiyaphab lae sangkom khong wat nai muang yai lae muang lek tang phaknuea khong prathet Thai. (In Thai) [The connections beyond sacred architecture: an analysis through spatial structures and daily rhythms of the temple groung in regional city and a small town in the northern of Thailand]. Built Environment Inquiry, 3 (1), 59–77.
Taylor, L. & Hochuli, D. F. (2015). Creating better cities: how biodiversity and ecosystem functioning enhance urban residents’ wellbeing. Urban Ecosystems, 18 (3), 747–762.
Taylor, L. & Hochuli, D.F. (2017). Defining greenspace: multiple uses across multiple disciplines. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158 (1), 25–38.
Thaiutsa, B. et al. (2008). Urban green space, street tree and heritage large tree assessment in Bangkok, Thailand. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 7 (3), 219–229.
Thammathi, S. (2015). Lan Na Pruek Sa Ka Dee. (In Thai) [Story of Plants in Lanna]. Chiang Mai: Suthep Karnpim and Media.
Thurman, R. A. F. (1984). Buddhist views of nature: variations on the theme of mother-father harmony. Nature, 96–112.
Tyrväinen, L., Silvennoinen, H. & Kolehmainen, O. (2003). Ecological and aesthetic values in urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1 (3), 135–149.
Van, E. P. (1985). Feeding their faith: recipe knowledge among Thai Buddhist women. Food and Foodways, 1 (1–2), 197–215.
Wonglangka, W. (2013). Mai mai muang Chiang Mai: Kati kwam chue rueang tonmai kub kan mai tin tan. (In Thai) [Land-marking tree of Chiang Mai: beliefs of plant and place marking]. In Srisuwan, C. (Eds.). Chiang Mai: silapa, sathapattayakam lae kwamchue. (In Thai) [Chiang Mai: art, architecture and beliefs] (pp.69–89). Chiang Mai : Patara Press.
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26-07-2018
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