Bali Process and the Externalization of Australia’s Refugee Policy towards ASEAN
Keywords:
refugee policy, externalization, Bali Process, Australia, ASEANAbstract
This article examines the externalization of refugee controls by Australia to ASEAN states between 2001-2013, and how Australia’s role enhances refugee protection in ASEAN. Although Bali Process, co-chaired by Australia and Indonesia, is the forum for combatting trafficking in persons and transnational crimes, refugee that perceived as a threat to border security is included as irregular migration issue. This article demonstrates that the Bali Process is the mechanism for Australia to externalize its refugee control measures which aim at reducing the number of refugees, especially those arriving by boat into its territories. As the non-legally binding forum, the Bali Process encourages its member to have common understandings and share approachs on this issue. It also becomes the tool for Australia to initiate bilateral agreements on refugee issues with ASEAN member states such as Indonesia, which is one of the main transit countries to Australia. This study concludes that Australia’s role does not enhance refugee protection, but instead straighten the security perception on refugee issues among the ASEAN member.
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Australia and Indonesia (Co-Chairs). (2009). Co-Chairs’ Statement’ (Bali Regional Ministerial Conference on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, Bali, 14-15 February 2009. http://www.baliprocess.net/index.asp?pageID=2145831461
Australia and Indonesia (Co-Chairs). (2011a). Co-Chairs’ Statement’ (Fourth Meeting of Ad Hoc Group Senior Officials, Bali, 9 March 2011). http://www.baliprocess.net/index.asp?pageID=2145831461
Australia and Indonesia (Co-Chairs). (2011b). Co-Chairs’ Statement’, (Fourth Bali Regional Ministerial Conference on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, Bali, Indonesia, 29-30 March 2011). http://www.baliprocess.net/index.asp?pageID=2145831461
Australian Associated Press. (2009). Towing boats back is humane - Rudd. https:/www.news.com.au/national/towing-boats-back-is-humane-rudd/news-story/743ebfe4deab30cafcd4bfc130a8222c
Betts, A., & Milner, J. (2007). The Externalisation of EU Asylum Policy: The Position of African States. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www.diis.dk/files/media/publications/import/alexander_betts_james_milner_eu_asylum_policy.pdf
Boswell, C. (2003). The 'External Dimension' of EU Immigration and Asylum Policy. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 79(3), 619-638. www.jstor.org/stable/3569366
Bowen, C. (2010). Transcript of press conference : Presidential Palace, Dili, East Timor: 12 October 2010: Minister's visit to East Timor; Regional Protection Framework. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;page=0;query=Minister%20for%20Immigration%20and%20Citizenship%20Press%20Conference%20Decade%3A%222010s%22%20Year%3A%222010%22%20Month%3A%2210%22%20Day%3A%2212%22;rec=0;resCount=Default
Bowen, C., Rudd, K., & Natalegawa, M. (2011). Joint Press Conference, Bali Process Ministerial Conference on March 30, 2011. Commonwealth of Australia. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/774292/upload_binary/774292.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22Joint%20Press%20Conference,%20Bali%20Process%20Ministerial%20Conference%22
Casas-Cortes, M., Cobarrubias, S., & Pickles, J. (2016). ‘Good neighbours make good fences’: Seahorse operations, border externalization and extra-territoriality. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(3), 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776414541136
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Downer, A. (2004). Speech by the Minister for Foreign Affairs The Hon Alexander Downer MP To the Bali Process Senior Officials’ Meeting (Queensland, 8 June 2004 ). https://www.baliprocess.net/UserFiles/baliprocess/File/DownersAddress.pdf
Espenilla, J. (2010). Injustice ignored: A case study of the irregular sea migration of the Rohingyan boat people. Asia Europe Journal, 8, 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-010-0252-0
Fickling, D. (2004). Australia seen as 'America's deputy sheriff'. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/10/indonesia.australia
Frelick, B., Kysel, I. M., & Podkul, J. (2016). The Impact of Externalization of Migration Controls on the Rights of Asylum Seekers and Other Migrants. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 4(4), 190-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/233150241600400402
Frost, F. (2016). Engaging the neighbours. Australia and ASEAN since 1974, . ANU Press.
Haddad, E. (2008). The external dimension of EU refugee policy. In The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (pp. 165-191). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00250.x
Hyndman, J., & Mountz, A. (2008). Another Brick in the Wall? Neo-Refoulement and the Externalization of Asylum by Australia and Europe1. Government and Opposition, 43(2), 249-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00251.x
IOM. (2005). MC/2172 Financial Report for the year ended 31 December 2004 http://governingbodies.iom.int/system/files/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/90/MC2172.pdf
IOM. (2011). MC/2313 - Financial Report for the year ended 31 December 2010. http://governingbodies.iom.int/system/files/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/100/MC_2313.pdf
IOM. (2012). MC/2345 Financial Report for the year ended 31 December 2011. http://governingbodies.iom.int/system/files/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/101/MC_2345.pdf
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. (2010). Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific: Challenges and opportunities. Commonwealth of Australia https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=jfadt/asia_pacific_hr/report.htm
Kneebone, S. (2014). ASEAN and the Conceptualization of Refugee Protection in Southeastern Asian States. In A. A. a. F. Ippolito (Ed.), Regional Approaches to the Protection of Asylum Seeker: An International Legal Perspective. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Mathew, P. (2008). Resolution 1373—A Call to Pre-empt Asylum Seekers? (or ‘Osama, the Asylum Seeker’). In J. McAdam (Ed.), Forced Migration, Human Rights and Security. Hart Publishing.
McClelland, R. (2010). Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, Questions in writing: Overseas Detention Centres: Funding, Question No. 1038, 2 February 2010. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;orderBy=customrank;page=0;query=MCCLELLAND%20Decade%3A%222010s%22%20Year%3A%222010%22%20Month%3A%2202%22%20Day%3A%2202%22%20SearchCategory_Phrase%3A%22house%20of%20representatives%22;rec=12;resCount=Default
Missbach, A. (2015). Troubled transit: Asylum seekers stuck in Indonesia. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
Nethery, A., & Gordyn, C. (2014). Australia–Indonesia cooperation on asylum-seekers: a case of ‘incentivised policy transfer’. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(2), 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2013.841122
Nethery, A., Rafferty-Brown, B., & Taylor, S. (2012). Exporting Detention: Australia-funded Immigration Detention in Indonesia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 26(1), 88-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes027
Petcharamesree, S. (2016). ASEAN and its approach to forced migration issues. The International Journal of Human Rights, 20(2), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2015.1079021
Phillips, J. (2017). Boat arrivals and boat ‘turnbacks’ in Australia since 1976: a quick guide to the statistics. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/BoatTurnbacks
Robinson, W. C. (1998). Terms of refuge: The Indochinese exodus & the international response. Zed Books.
Shelley, L. (2010). Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760433
Stats, K. (2015). We Will Decide: Refugee and Asylum Policy during the Howard Era before Tampa. Australian Studies, 7.
Taylor, S. (2008). Australia's border control and refugee protection capacity-building activities in the Asia-Pacific region. In A. Babacan & L. Briskman (Eds.), Asylum seekers : international perspectives on interdiction and deterrence. Cambridge Scholars Pub.
Taylor, S. (2011). Regional cooperation and the Malaysian solution. Inside Story. http://insidestory.org.au/regional-cooperation-and-the-malaysian-solution/
Taylor, S., & Rafferty-Brown, B. (2010). Waiting for Life to Begin: the Plight of Asylum Seekers Caught by Australia's Indonesian Solution. International
Journal of Refugee Law, 22(4), 558-592. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeq034
UNHCR. (2019). UNHCR Global Report 2018 https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/5d08d7ee7/unhcr-global-trends-2018.html
Yudhoyono, S. B. (2010). House of Representative Address by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Wednesday, 10 March 2010 https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamber/hansardr/2010-03-10/0047/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf
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Published
2021-05-26
How to Cite
โกนจนันท์ ว. (2021). Bali Process and the Externalization of Australia’s Refugee Policy towards ASEAN. Thai Journal of East Asian Studies, 25(1), 64–81. Retrieved from https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/245050
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