The Korean Memorial Monument and the Recall of the Past in the Myanmar Area
Keywords:
conflicts on the Korean peninsula, Myanmar–ROK relations, recalling the past, cross-border areaAbstract
The assassination attempt on South Korean leader by North Korean agents in 1983 in Yangon had an impact on relations of the countries on the Korean peninsula and Myanmar. After the incident, the narrative of martyrdom for the victims has been constructed by the South Korean government. The incident was reproduced through dramas by Korean private sectors. The political and economic reform of Myanmar and the severance of diplomatic relations between Myanmar and North Korea led to the investment, human resource development and economic assistance from the South Korea. South Korea proposed to establish a memorial for the victims in Rangoon and obtain approval from the Myanmar government. Opposition occurred as the construction site is where Myanmar honor their martyrs. However, as the monument did not impact the Myanmar Martyrs’ Mausoleum, a memorial monument for Korean victims was erected in Myanmar capital. The monument inauguration ceremony was associated with South Korea’s Memorial Day and the ceremonies were held every year to mark anniversary of the deadly bombing. This is a process of cross-border revisiting the past. This memorial monument has shifted from a place for Korean victims to the representation of the friendship between South Korea and Myanmar through both government representative’s address.
References
เอกสารภาษาอังกฤษ
Cheesman, N. (2002). Legitimising the Union of Myanmar through primary school textbooks. Master’s Thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia.
Houtman, G. (1999). Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy, Monograph No. 33, Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia & Africa, Tokyo, Japan: University of Foreign Studies.
Johnstone, W. C. (1963). Burma’s Foreign Policy: A Study in Neutralism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Josef Silverstein. (1977). Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Kim, J. (1983, October, 12). More than 1 million mourners, summoned by the wail. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Website: https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/12/More-than-1-million-mourners-summoned-by-the-wail/2380434779200.
Liang, Chi Shad. (1990). Burma's foreign relations: neutralism in theory and practice. NY: Praeger.
McLaughlin, T. (2014, March, 6). SKorea bombing monument takes shape. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from: The Myanmar Times Website: https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/9760-skorea-bombing-monument-takes-shape.html.
Maung Maung (1957). Burma in the Family of Nations (2 Ed.). Amsterdam: Djambatan.
Mistral, B. A. (2003). Theories of social remembering. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. (2014, June 3). Foreign Minister to Make an Official Visit to Myanmar. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from Website: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=313836.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. (2014, June 6). Outcome of the ROK-Myanmar Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Website: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=313846.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. (2014, june, 6). Foreign Minister Attends the Unveiling Ceremony of the Monument for Victims of the Bomb Attack by North Korea at the Aung San National Mausoleum. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Website: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=313848.
Mung Zarni. (1998). Knowledge, control, and power: the politics of education under Burma’s military.
Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: Les Lieux de Mémoire, Representations 26, 7-25.
Salem-Gervais, N., & Metro, R. (2012). A Textbook case of nation-building: The evolution of history curricula in Myanmar. Journal of Burma Studies, 16(1), 27-28.
Seekins, D. M. (2011).State and society in modern Rangoon. London, England: Routledge.
Selth, A. (2004). Burma's North Korean Gambit: A Challenge to Regional Security?. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University.
Taylor, R. H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. Singapore: NUS Press.
Than Nyun and Dalchoong Kim (1992), Myanmar-Korea Economic Cooperation. Yonsei University: Seoul.
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Information. (2013). Korean Memorial Monument of the 1983 Martyrs’ Mausoleum bombing shows sympathy of Myanmar to S-Korea. Retrieved April 7, 2019, from Website: http://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/?q=news/8/11/2018/id-1149.
Wertsch, J. (2008): “Collective Memory and Narrative Templates.” Social Research, 75(1) Voices of Collective Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Zar ni. (1998). Knowledge, control, and power: the politics of education under Burma’s military dictatorship (1962–88). Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin Madison.
Zelizer, B. (1995) ‘Reading the Past Against the Grain: The Shape of Memory Studies’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12: 214–39.
Translated Burmese References
Akonthi. (2018, October, 9) R Zar Ni Beik Mang Bone Pauk Kwal Chan (35) Nitt Myauk Aungt Maye Phwal AKan Anar Tho Myanmar Naing Gyan Sei Yar Korea Than amat Gyi Tit Yaungt. Retrieved April 9, 2019, from https://akonthi.com/ShweMoeNyo-6724
Lut Lat Tet Asia Athan. (2014, June, 06). R Zar Ni Beik Mang Taung Korea Aungt Maye Phwal Kyaut Taing Phwant Lit. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/south-korea-unveils-memorial06062014111048.
Myanmar Times. (2016, July, 13). 1947 Ku Nit Ka Phit Pwar Ket Tad Myanmar Thamine Mar AKyi Tan Aphit Soe Takhou Ka Lar Mae July 19 Yit Nay Mar 69 Nit Pyit Tot Mar Phit Par Tal. Retrieved April 9, 2019, from https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/national-news/20123-2016-07-13-08-55-56.html.
Rangoon Institute of Technology. (1985). R Zar Ni Beik Mang Pone Zan Thit Shin Lin Chit Myar.
Translated Thai References
Chotisut, K. (2017 [2560]). Aung San: Khwam Song Cham Ruam Khong Raengngan Phama Nai Changwat Ranong [Aung San: Collective Memory of Burmese Migrant Workers in Ranong Province]. Walailak Abode of Culture Journal 17(2), 49 - 74.
Intasi, W. (2018 [2561]). Kaoli Nai Chuang Onlaman Khoso 1864 – 1953: Kan Rukran Chak Tangchat Kan Tokpen Ananikhom Kan Baengyaek Lae Songkhram Kaoli. Phitsanulok: Naresuan University Publishing House.
Ladawan, P. (1999 [2542]). Kan Phatthana Setthakit Lae Kanmueang Phama [Economic and political development Mayanmar]. Bangkok: Khrongkan Catphim Khopfai.
Niyomtam, W. (2010 [2553]). Mano That Thang Kanmueang Khong Rat Phama Bon Phuenthi Sue Ratthaban Thahan [Political Concept of Myanmar State in the Junta's Mass Media]. (Research report). Phitsanulok: Naresuan University.
Promprasit, N. (2017 [2560]). Botbat Ying Chai Nai Kansueksa Radap Prathom Khong Prathet Mian Ma [Gender Roles in Myanmar’s Elementary School]. Walailak Abode of Culture Journal 17(2), 27 - 47.
Suntivutimetee, W. (2002 [2545]). Krabuankan Sang Atta Lak Thang Chattiphan Khong ChaoThaiYai Chaidaen Thai Phama Korani Sueksa Muban Piang Luang Amphoe WiangNgae Changwat Chiang Mai [Tai Yai identity at Thai – Burma border Case study: Piang Luang Village Amphoe Viang Hang, Chiang Mai]. Master’s Thesis, Thammasat University. Bangkok.
Cheesman, N. (2002). Legitimising the Union of Myanmar through primary school textbooks. Master’s Thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia.
Houtman, G. (1999). Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy, Monograph No. 33, Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia & Africa, Tokyo, Japan: University of Foreign Studies.
Johnstone, W. C. (1963). Burma’s Foreign Policy: A Study in Neutralism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Josef Silverstein. (1977). Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Kim, J. (1983, October, 12). More than 1 million mourners, summoned by the wail. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Website: https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/12/More-than-1-million-mourners-summoned-by-the-wail/2380434779200.
Liang, Chi Shad. (1990). Burma's foreign relations: neutralism in theory and practice. NY: Praeger.
McLaughlin, T. (2014, March, 6). SKorea bombing monument takes shape. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from: The Myanmar Times Website: https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/9760-skorea-bombing-monument-takes-shape.html.
Maung Maung (1957). Burma in the Family of Nations (2 Ed.). Amsterdam: Djambatan.
Mistral, B. A. (2003). Theories of social remembering. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. (2014, June 3). Foreign Minister to Make an Official Visit to Myanmar. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from Website: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=313836.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. (2014, June 6). Outcome of the ROK-Myanmar Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Website: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=313846.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. (2014, june, 6). Foreign Minister Attends the Unveiling Ceremony of the Monument for Victims of the Bomb Attack by North Korea at the Aung San National Mausoleum. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Website: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=313848.
Mung Zarni. (1998). Knowledge, control, and power: the politics of education under Burma’s military.
Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: Les Lieux de Mémoire, Representations 26, 7-25.
Salem-Gervais, N., & Metro, R. (2012). A Textbook case of nation-building: The evolution of history curricula in Myanmar. Journal of Burma Studies, 16(1), 27-28.
Seekins, D. M. (2011).State and society in modern Rangoon. London, England: Routledge.
Selth, A. (2004). Burma's North Korean Gambit: A Challenge to Regional Security?. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University.
Taylor, R. H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. Singapore: NUS Press.
Than Nyun and Dalchoong Kim (1992), Myanmar-Korea Economic Cooperation. Yonsei University: Seoul.
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Information. (2013). Korean Memorial Monument of the 1983 Martyrs’ Mausoleum bombing shows sympathy of Myanmar to S-Korea. Retrieved April 7, 2019, from Website: http://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/?q=news/8/11/2018/id-1149.
Wertsch, J. (2008): “Collective Memory and Narrative Templates.” Social Research, 75(1) Voices of Collective Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Zar ni. (1998). Knowledge, control, and power: the politics of education under Burma’s military dictatorship (1962–88). Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin Madison.
Zelizer, B. (1995) ‘Reading the Past Against the Grain: The Shape of Memory Studies’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12: 214–39.
Translated Burmese References
Akonthi. (2018, October, 9) R Zar Ni Beik Mang Bone Pauk Kwal Chan (35) Nitt Myauk Aungt Maye Phwal AKan Anar Tho Myanmar Naing Gyan Sei Yar Korea Than amat Gyi Tit Yaungt. Retrieved April 9, 2019, from https://akonthi.com/ShweMoeNyo-6724
Lut Lat Tet Asia Athan. (2014, June, 06). R Zar Ni Beik Mang Taung Korea Aungt Maye Phwal Kyaut Taing Phwant Lit. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/south-korea-unveils-memorial06062014111048.
Myanmar Times. (2016, July, 13). 1947 Ku Nit Ka Phit Pwar Ket Tad Myanmar Thamine Mar AKyi Tan Aphit Soe Takhou Ka Lar Mae July 19 Yit Nay Mar 69 Nit Pyit Tot Mar Phit Par Tal. Retrieved April 9, 2019, from https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/national-news/20123-2016-07-13-08-55-56.html.
Rangoon Institute of Technology. (1985). R Zar Ni Beik Mang Pone Zan Thit Shin Lin Chit Myar.
Translated Thai References
Chotisut, K. (2017 [2560]). Aung San: Khwam Song Cham Ruam Khong Raengngan Phama Nai Changwat Ranong [Aung San: Collective Memory of Burmese Migrant Workers in Ranong Province]. Walailak Abode of Culture Journal 17(2), 49 - 74.
Intasi, W. (2018 [2561]). Kaoli Nai Chuang Onlaman Khoso 1864 – 1953: Kan Rukran Chak Tangchat Kan Tokpen Ananikhom Kan Baengyaek Lae Songkhram Kaoli. Phitsanulok: Naresuan University Publishing House.
Ladawan, P. (1999 [2542]). Kan Phatthana Setthakit Lae Kanmueang Phama [Economic and political development Mayanmar]. Bangkok: Khrongkan Catphim Khopfai.
Niyomtam, W. (2010 [2553]). Mano That Thang Kanmueang Khong Rat Phama Bon Phuenthi Sue Ratthaban Thahan [Political Concept of Myanmar State in the Junta's Mass Media]. (Research report). Phitsanulok: Naresuan University.
Promprasit, N. (2017 [2560]). Botbat Ying Chai Nai Kansueksa Radap Prathom Khong Prathet Mian Ma [Gender Roles in Myanmar’s Elementary School]. Walailak Abode of Culture Journal 17(2), 27 - 47.
Suntivutimetee, W. (2002 [2545]). Krabuankan Sang Atta Lak Thang Chattiphan Khong ChaoThaiYai Chaidaen Thai Phama Korani Sueksa Muban Piang Luang Amphoe WiangNgae Changwat Chiang Mai [Tai Yai identity at Thai – Burma border Case study: Piang Luang Village Amphoe Viang Hang, Chiang Mai]. Master’s Thesis, Thammasat University. Bangkok.
Downloads
Published
2019-12-30
How to Cite
Chotisut, K., & Surakitbovorn, S. (2019). The Korean Memorial Monument and the Recall of the Past in the Myanmar Area. Thai Journal of East Asian Studies, 23(2), 82–100. Retrieved from https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/241346
Issue
Section
Research Articles
