A Study of the Manufacturing Techniques and Performance of the Xi’an Xun

Abstract

This research consists purposes were 1. to investigate the manufacturing techniques of the Xi’an Xun and 2. to analyze its performance techniques within the context of local musical culture. The research employed a qualitative approach using document analysis, in-depth interviews, participant observation and audio-visual documentation. Key informants included two staff members from the Banpo Museum, one staff member from the Xi’an Intangible Cultural Heritage Center, five Xun artisans, one traditional inheritor and one professional performer. Data were analyzed through content analysis and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that the manufacturing techniques of the Xi’an Xun integrate traditional knowledge with modern innovation. Traditional production relies on local loess clay and involves processes such as air-drying, sieving, kneading, aging, shaping, finishing and firing, all of which influence the instrument’s timbre and identity. At the same time, modern materials and digital technologies, including three-dimensional design and 3D printing, have been adopted to improve structural precision and acoustic stability. In terms of performance, the Xi’an Xun demonstrates a systematic range of skills from basic to advanced levels, including diaphragmatic breathing, embouchure and airflow control, fingering, ornamentation and the control of dynamics, rhythm and timbre. These techniques reflect the Xi’an style, which is characterized by simplicity, depth and a vocal-like sound quality. The study concludes that manufacturing and performance techniques are closely interconnected and together play a vital role in the preservation, development and continuation of the musical identity of the Xi’an Xun in contemporary contexts.